كليدواژه :
اختلال هماهنگي رشدي , تمرينات ادراكي حركتي , مهارت هاي جابه جايي , مهارت هاي كنترل شيء
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: كودكان مبتلا به اختلال هماهنگي رشدي به‌دليل مشكل در مهارت‌هاي حركتي ظريف و درشت در بازي و ورزش، از كودكان هم‌سن خود ضعيف‌ترند و به نظر مي‌رسد كه حين بازي انرژي بيشتري مصرف مي‌كنند. به‌همين‌دﻟﯿﻞ، ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ به‌موقع و ﻧﯿﺰ اﺗﺨﺎذ راهكارﻫﺎي ﺣﻤﺎيﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ايﻦ ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن اﻣﺮي ﺿﺮوري ﻣﺤﺴﻮب مي‌شود. هدف از اين تحقيق، بررسي تأثير تمرينات منتخب ورزشي بر رشد مهارت‌هاي بنيادي و رشد شناختي اين كودكان بود.
روش‌بررسي: پژوهش حاضر، نيمه‌تجربي و از نوع پيش‌آزمون‌پس‌آزمون بود. تعداد 30 شركت‌كننده كه معيار ورود به تحقيق را با استفاده از پرسش‌نامهٔ اختلال هماهنگي رشدي (DCD-Q) داشتند، به‌صورت تصادفي در دو گروه كنترل و تجربي جايگزين شدند. گروه تجربي 24 جلسه تمرينات منتخب ورزشي را انجام داد. متغيرهاي حركتي (نظير مهارت‌هاي جابه‌جايي و كنترل شيء، تعادل ايستا، تعادل پويا) و مهارت شناختي قبل و بعد از اعمال متغير مستقل (تمرينات ورزشي) توسط آزمون‌هاي معتبر رشد حركتي درشت (TGMD2)، تست تعادل ايستاي لك‌لك، تست تعادل پوياي ستاره و آزمون برج لندن اندازه‌گيري شد. تجزيه‌وتحليل داده‌ها با آزمون‌هاي شاپيرو ويلك، لوين، همگني شيب رگرسيون و كوواريانس در نرم‌افزار SPSS-23 انجام شد.
يافته‌ها: نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه تمامي متغيرهاي گروه تجربي از پيش‌آزمون تا پس‌آزمون افزايش معنا‌دار داشتند (0٫001>p)؛ درحالي‌كه اين اختلاف ميانگين از پيش‌آزمون تا پس‌آزمون در گروه كنترل مشاهده نشد.
نتيجه‌گيري: مداخلات حركتي و ورزشي زودهنگام مي‌تواند سهم بزرگي در بهبود نقص حركتي كودكان داراي اختلال هماهنگي رشدي ايفا كند.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objective: Based on some problems in gross movement’s skills (fundamental skills) some students with developmental
coordination disorder (DCD) play weaker from their peers. They spend more energy when play. It seems essential to recognize it on time and
adopt a supportive and suitable treatment for these students. There is evidence that the effectiveness of exercise training confirms in improvement
of coordination, balance, and sensory– perceptual function on children with DCD, but small research has been done on the types of perceptual–
motor exercises that can help children with DCD to improve their cognitive and motor skills. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect
of some selected physical exercises on the development of fundamental and cognitive skills on these students.
Methods: This study was a quasi–experimental, pre– and posttest design. A total of 30 participants were in the study and were randomly assigned
to control and experimental groups. One of the criteria for entering the subjects was to gain score from 15 to 46 in the DCD questionnaire based
on the American psychological association. The experimental group performed 24 sessions of selected physical exercises. The study variables
included locomotor fundamental skills (run, hop, gallop, leap, horizontal jump and slide), object control (striking a stationary ball, stationary
dribble, catch, kick, overhead throw, under hand roll), stability skills (static and dynamic balance) and cognitive skills (reaction and delay time,
error, problem solving time). All dependent variables were measured before and after introduction of independent variable (exercise training).
Test of gross motor development second edition (TGMD2) was used to evaluate locomotor and object control fundamental skills. Stability skills,
the validity of this test has been reported 96% and the reliability of this test has been reported at 85% in the locomotor subtest and 78% in the
object control subtest. The stability skills were evaluated by static equilibrium test and dynamic star balance test, the interrater reliability ICC of
static equilibrium test has been reported more than 0/80 and the interrater reliability ICC of dynamic star balance test 0.82–0.96. Cognitive skill
was measured by London tower test, the validity of this problem–solving test, which was performed by using a computer, has been reported
76%.
Results: Data analysis was performed using Shapiro–Wilk, Leven, homogeneity of slope regression and covariance test. Results indicated a
significance difference from pretest to posttest in experimental group. Exercises training improved locomotor fundamental skills (p<0.001),
object control (p<0.001), stability skills (p<0.001) and cognitive skills (p<0.001) in children with DCD. The effect size calculated on motor
variables showed that more than 90 percent of the difference between the experimental and control groups in the post test was related to exercise
training intervention in the experimental group, while the effect size of exercise interventions in cognitive skills justifies about 50% of the
differences between experimental and control groups. However, no significance difference was observed in control group from pretest to posttest.
Conclusion: Since there were positive effects of exercises on the motor– sensory function in the students with developmental coordination
disorder, therefore we could claim that the motor and physical treatments had an effective rule on the development of motor disorder among
these students and an on time treatment can prevent from the next consequences or more social cost. Finally, these students can educate and do
their daily jobs like their peers.
