پديد آورندگان :
اديب صابر، فهيمه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد علوم و تحقيقات تهران - دانشكدهٔ علوم انساني - گروه تربيت بدني , شجاعي، معصومه دانشگاه الزهراء تهران - دانشكدهٔ تربيت بدني و علوم ورزشي - گروه رفتارحركتي , دانشفر، افخم دانشگاه الزهراء تهران - دانشكدهٔ تربيت بدني و علوم ورزشي - گروه رفتارحركتي , حسين خانزاده، عباسعلي دانشگاه گيلان - دانشكدهٔ علوم انساني - گروه روانشناسي
كليدواژه :
الگوي خواب , رفتارهاي قالبي , كودكان درخودمانده , ورزش هاي آبي
چكيده فارسي :
زمينه و هدف: اختلال طيف اتيسم، اختلالي عصبي‌تحولي است كه در سال‌هاي اوليهٔ كودكي نمايان مي‌شود. مطالعات پيشين نشان داده‌اند كه اجراي تمرين در آب مي‌تواند جهت بهبود مشكلات رفتاري و جسماني كودكان مبتلا به اين اختلال به‌كار رود؛ اما در زمينهٔ تأثير آن بر بهبود عادت‌هاي خواب در اختلال اتيسم كمبودهايي وجود دارد؛ بنابراين، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثر تمرين در آب بر رفتارهاي كليشه‌اي و عادت‌هاي خواب در كودكان داراي اختلال طيف اتيسم انجام شد.
روش‌بررسي: روش پژوهش نيمه‌آزمايشي از نوع پيش‌آزمون‌پس‌آزمون با انتخاب گروه كنترل بود. به اين منظور، بيست كودك داراي اتيسم با ميانگين سني 2٫91±10٫90 سال به‌صورت دردسترس انتخاب شده و به‌طور تصادفي در دو گروه آزمايش و كنترل قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمايش به‌مدت ده هفته، هفته‌اي دو جلسهٔ 60دقيقه‌اي به تمرين در آب پرداخت. والدين كودكان، قبل از شروع و پس از پايان ده هفته مداخله، پرسشنامهٔ رفتارهاي كليشه‌اي و عادت‌هاي خواب كودكان را تكميل كردند. از آزمون شاپيروويلك جهت تعيين نرمال‌بودن داده‌ها و از آزمون تحليل كوواريانس براي مقايسهٔ ميانگين گروه‌ها قبل و بعد از مداخله استفاده شد.
يافته‌ها: ده هفته تمرين در آب تأثير معنا‌داري بر رفتارهاي كليشه‌اي و عادت‌هاي خواب در كودكان اتيسم دارد (0٫001>p).
نتيجه‌گيري: ورزش‌هاي آبي مي‌تواند مداخله‌اي ارزشمند اضافه‌شده به برنامه‌هاي كودكان طيف اتيسم جهت كاهش رفتارهاي كليشه‌اي و بهبود الگوي خواب باشد.
چكيده لاتين :
Background & Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in early childhood and is characterized
by two main cores of impairment in communication and social interaction, as well as repeated and limited behaviors, called stereotypical
behaviors. Stereotypic behaviors refer to behaviors that are repetitive, rigid, invariant, maladaptive, and self–stimulatory. Furthermore, sleep
problems are one of the most common clinical difficulty associated with autism. Sleep problems in children with ASD are much more common
than other developmental disorders, and the percentage of outbreak is reported to be between 50 to 80%. Sleep disturbances can have detrimental
effects on children’s cognitive development and daily functioning in areas such as attention, learning, memory, mood regulation, and behavior.
According to past research, there was a direct and positive relationship between the severity of sleep problems and the severity of the symptoms
of autism. Aquatics programs have clear benefits for children with ASD. Previous studies have shown that aquatic exercise can be used to
improve the behavioral, physical and cognitive problems of children with ASD; but there is some shortage about its effect on sleep habits in
ASD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on stereotypic behaviors and sleep habits in children with ASD.
Methods: This study was an experimental research with a pretest–posttest randomized design with control group. The population consisted of
children with ASD, being a member of Guilan Autism Association in Rasht (Guilan province, North of Iran). A total of twenty children with
ASD (mean aged 10.9±2.91 years) were selected according to convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included; male gender (8–14 years),
parental satisfaction, and having behavioral and sleep problems, according to parents’ reports. Exclusion criteria also involved having severe
autism, being absence more than two times in aquatic exercise sessions and receiving specialized treatment in addition to the usual treatment
receiving at their association. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, namely, experimental (N=10) and control (N=10).
Experimental group received aquatic training program 60 min, 2 sessions per week/for ten week, including 5 minutes of warm–up, 20 minutes
of aerobic exercise, 20 minutes of strengthening training using water resistance, 10 minutes of free swimming and 5 minutes cool–down. The
research instruments were the stereotypic behaviors subscale of Gilliam autism rating scale (GARS 2) and Owens children’s sleep habits
questionnaire. Parents of both groups completed the stereotypical behavior and sleep habits questionnaire before and after 10 weeks of
intervention. Shapiro–Wilk test was used for normality and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized to determine if differences existed
between pretest–posttest in two groups.
Results: Mean and SD of the age of experimental and control group were 11.30 ± 3.36 and 10.50 ± 2.50, respectively. Results revealed that ten
weeks aquatic exercise had a significant effect on stereotypic behaviors and total score of sleep habits in children with ASD (p<0.001).
Furthermore, the results of the analysis of covariance showed that aquatic exercise had a positive effect on bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay,
sleep duration and sleep anxiety, but there was no effect on night wakening, parasomnias, sleep disorder breathing and daytime sleepiness in
children with ASD.
Conclusion: The results of presnt study showed that aquatic exercise had a positive effect on stereotypic behaviors and sleep habits in children
with ASD. Water provides relatively constant somatosensory input, which is an important feature for sensory integration (SI) techniques often
used in treating children with ASD. At the same time, because there is less physical stress on specific body parts, the water allows for freer,
independent movement. Therefore, it could be concluded that aquatic activities can be a valuable option added to the educational programs to
reduce repetitive Behaviors and to improve sleep pattern in ASD.
