ﻣﺮوري ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﮔﯿﺎه وﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮم (ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ)

A Complete Review on the Genus Vaccinium and Iranian Ghareghat

اﻣﺮوزه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داروﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ در ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﺮاي درﻣﺎن ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫﺎ رو ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده آن اﺛﺒﺎت اﺛﺮات ﻣﺨﺮب و ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯽ داروﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺟﻨﺲ داروﯾﯽ وﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮم از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﭘﺮﻃﺮﻓﺪار ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ روز ﺑﺮ ارزش داروﯾﯽ، ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه اﻓﺰوده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، 100 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ در دﻧﯿﺎ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ دارد و ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻋﻠﻤﯽ Vaccinium arctostaphlyus ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﺮان ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در 6 ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از اﯾﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺮگ و ﻣﯿﻮه ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط را ﻓﻨﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﺳﯿﺎﻧﻮزﯾﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ داراي ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽاﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﯿﻮهﻫﺎي ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط ﺣﺎوي 30 درﺻﺪ ﻗﻨﺪ، 15/5 درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ، 1/5 درﺻﺪ ﭼﺮﺑﯽ و ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺎوي ﻫﮕﺰا دﮐﺎﻧﻮﺋﯿﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ، ﺗﯿﺲ ﭘﯿﺮن، ﺑﺘﺎ ﯾﻮﻧﻦ و ﺳﺎﻧﺪراﮐﻮﭘﯿﻤﺎرادﯾﻨﻦ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ اﯾﺮان دم ﮐﺮده ﻣﯿﻮه در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﻨﺪ ﺧﻮن و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﻮن ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ و ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط اﺛﺮ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﺎل دارد و در درﻣﺎن ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽرود. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت آﻧﺘﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﻮﯾﺮگﻫﺎي ﻗﻮيﺗﺮ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﭘﻼﮐﺖ ﺧﻮن را ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﻣﺮوزه ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ، دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ و ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺟﻨﺲ وﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮم و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ داروﯾﯽ ﻗﺮهﻗﺎط در اﯾﺮان داراي ارزش اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮده و ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺸﺖ، ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت داروﯾﯽ و ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

In recent years due to the demonstration of destructive side effects of chemical drugs, utilizing herbal drugs to treat diseases have increased. The medicinal Vaccinium is one of the popular plants which have many pharmaceutical, food and industrial values. There are about 100 species of this genus around the world but Ghare-Ghat (Vaccinium arctostaphlyus) is the only species present in Iran which has been reported in six regions of the country. The major metabolites in the leaves and fruits of Ghare-Ghat are phenols, especially anthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties. The fruit essence contains 30% sugar, 5.15% protein, 1.5% fat and the young shoots contain hexadecanoic acid, vitispirane Beta-ionone and sandaracopimaradiene. In Iranian traditional medicine, fruit infusion has been used to reduce blood sugar and blood pressure. Due to high levels of acid in Ghare-Ghat it has antibacterial effects and is used to treat bladder infections. It also has anti cyanosed compounds which help in the formation of stronger capillaries and reduction of the stickiness of blood platelets. Today, with the remarkable advances of biotechnology including tissue culture, access to high quality and quantity of products of this genus has increased. The genus Vaccinium and in particular Ghare-Ghat has high economic value in Iran and requires further study to increase its cultivation and production of food and pharmaceutical products.