بررﺳﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ اي ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ درﺳﯽ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ

A comparative study of environmental curriculum theories and approaches

ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﺤﺮان ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ، آﻣﻮزش زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي از ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺘﯽ، ﻣﯿﺎن رﺷﺘﻪ اي، ﻓﺮاﺑﺨﺸﯽ و ﮐﻞ ﻧﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ، ﻟﺬا از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮرﯾﮏ، ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ آن ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺖ و در ﭘﯽ آن، آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آن را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﻮد. از اﯾﻦ رو، ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ دﯾﺪﮔ ﺎه ﻫﺎ و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ آﮔﺎﻫﯽ از اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ درﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ و دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﻠﯽ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮور ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻧﻮع ﻧﮕﺮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻞ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ، آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ را ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و در ﯾﮏ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﻠﯽ، روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ در دو دﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺪاراﻧﻪ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺪاراﻧﻪ و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ درﺳﯽ در دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻨﯽ و ﻧﺮم ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ و در اﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي، روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان در ﮔﺮوه روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺗﮑﻨﯿﮑﯽ، اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﯾﺮ و اﻧﺴﺎن ﮔﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ درﺳﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار داد.

Through the development of the environmental crisis, environmental education has become an integral part of the educational systems. Because the basis of the environmental problems is naturally interdisciplinary, multi-sectorial, and holistic, so theoretically it can be seen with different approaches and the related education to this can be considered from different views and approaches. Therefore, the purpose of the current study has been to identify and consider the environmental views and approaches and awareness of education thoughts, environmental curriculum and comparing them together and achieving a general classification in this field. This study has done by using descriptive and analytical method and a lot of references has been reviewed. The results show that type of attitude to the environmental problems causes different education and in a general classification, the environmental approaches are classifying into two groups: human-oriented and environment-oriented. an‎d the curriculum approaches are classifying into two groups: technical & hardware and non-technical & software. In this classification, environmental education approaches can be considered in the group of non- technical, flexible, and human-oriented approaches of the curriculum.