حيات اجتماعي شيراز عصر قاجار به روايت سفرنامه‌نويسان روس و فرانسه با رويكردي بر شرق‌شناسي (1264- 1210ق /1796- 1848م)

Shiraz Area Qajar Social Life According to Russian and French Travelogues Writers with an Approach to Oriental Studies(1264 - 1210 AH / 1796 - 1848 AD)

ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﺟﺎرﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺑﺰرگ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻗﺮن ﻧـﻮزدﻫﻢ ﻣـﻴﻼدي در اروﭘﺎﺳﺖ. اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻜﻲ، در ﻛﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺪرت ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ اروﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﻣﺎﻣﻮران ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ و ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ و ﺑﻪدﻧﺒﺎل آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮدان ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ، اﻳﺮان را ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﮔﺮدش و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻗﺮار دادﻧـﺪ. اﻳـﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از داﻧﺶ ﭘﮋوﻫﺎن در ﻛﺴﻮت ﺷﺮق ﺷﻨﺎس و اﻳﺮانﺷﻨﺎس ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻋﻠﻤﻲ رواﻧﻪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺮق زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﺮاز در اﻳﻦ دوره، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻮد و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﻗـﺪﻣﺖ ﺗـﺎرﻳﺨﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺎن و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮدان ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻗـﺮار داﺷـﺖ، ازﻳﻨـﺮو، ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮان ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي و روﺳﻲ را ﻫـ ﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮد ﺟﻠـﺐ ﻛـﺮد و ﻫﻤـﻪ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪي از اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺮﺟـﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺧﻮد از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﻳـﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ روﻳﻜﺮد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي درﺻـﺪد ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺑـﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اوﺿﺎع اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺮاز در ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺷـﺮق ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﭼـﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ درواﻗﻊ ﻫﺪف از ﻧﮕﺎرش اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺣﻴﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺷـﻴﺮاز ﺗـﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از دوره ﻧﺎﺻﺮي در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي و روﺳـﻲ و ﻧﮕـﺎه ﺷـﺮق ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻧﻪ آن ﻫـﺎ، و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب آن در ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎوﺟﻮد اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ و ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ درﺑﺎره ﺷﻴﺮاز، و رواﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺸﺎن ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻣﻮرﻳﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﻫﻤﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻛﺸـﻴﺪن ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺧـﻮدﺑﺮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻲ از ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺧﻮد و دﻳﮕﺮي ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻓﺮوﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪه، در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ اﻳﺮان و ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧـﺎص ﺷـﻴﺮاز دوره ﻗﺎﺟﺎر ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ.

The Qajar period coincided with the great political and economic developments of the nineteenth century in Europe. Due to its important geographical and strategic location, Iran has become the focus of attention and competition among the great European powers, and various groups of political and military officials, followed by foreign travelers and tourists, have made this country their field of research. a group of scholars emerged as orientalists and Iranologists to be sent to the Orient to study various scientific fields. The of Shiraz, which at that time was an important center of urbanization and trade, and in addition due to its historical and cultural antiquity, has always been of interest to foreign tourists, in this period also the special attention of French and Russian travelers to some extent. It is noteworthy that almost all of them have recorded valuable information about this city; That's why travelogues left by these people are so important because of their social and cultural content. With a descriptive-analytical approach this study seeks to answer the question of what has been the social situation of Shiraz in the Qajar era from the perspective of Oriental studies? the accurate and valuable information of these travelogues about Shiraz, and their different narratives due to their job class or mission, all of them seek to portray a kind of self-optimism about their Western culture and the other. The east has collapsed, here Iran and especially Shiraz were the Qajar period