رديابي و ساخت رابطه هاي فضايي بين كنشگران در اقتصاد نخلداري: سازگاري اقليمي نخل خرما در ناحيۀ مَكُّران

Tracing and Construction Spatial Relationships between Actors in Date Palm Farming Economy; Climate Adaptation of Date Palms in Makkoran Area

اهداف: درك ماهيت و پويايي اقتصادي در نواحي حاشيه ­اي و روستايي كشورهاي كمتر توسعه‌يافته كه از عوامل متعددي ازجمله شرايط اكولوژيك به‌شدت متأثراند، نه‌تنها نيازمند آگاهي از تغييرات محيطي و ساختاري است، بلكه مستلزم آگاهي از اثرهاي نهادهاي تصميم­ گيري و اهداف آن‌‌ها و تغييرات فضايي حاصل از آن نيز است؛ ازاين‌رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر رديابي و ساخت رابطه­ هاي فضايي بين كنشگران انساني و غيرانساني (طبيعي و فني) در زمينۀ سازگاري اقليمي نخل خرما به‌منظور توسعۀ كاركردي اقتصاد نخلداري در ناحيۀ مكّران ايران است. روش: اين پژوهش مبتني بر روش تركيبي (راهبرد متوالي-تغييرپذير) است. جامعة آماري شامل 17493 بهره­ بردار ساكن در روستاهاي ناحيۀ مكران و 32 نفر كارشناس است. براي نمونه ­گيري از روش هدفمند- احتمالي و براي تعيين اندازۀ نمونه در مرحلۀ كيفي، از معيار «كفايت اطلاعات» و در مرحلۀ كمّي از معيار «نمايندگي (معرف‌بودن)» با كمك روش كوكران استفاده شده است. اندازۀ نمونه در مرحلۀ كيفي 111 نفر بهره ­بردار خرما و 16 كارشناس بود. در مرحلۀ كمّي 376 بهره­ بردار و 32 كارشناس به پرسش‌نامۀ كمّي پاسخ دادند. نوع تحليل تركيبي، تحليل تركيبي متوالي براساس راهبرد كيفي-كمّي متوالي بود. داده­ هاي كيفي با نرم‌افزار NVIVO و داده­ هاي كمّي با روش­هاي آماري در محيط نرم­ افزار SPSS پردازش و تحليل شدند. در مرحلۀ نهايي، تحليل و استنتاج داده ­ها براساس استدلال لاتور (1987) با روش ترجمه انجام شد. يافته ­ها/نتايج: رابطه ­هاي فضايي گوناگوني بين كنشگران انساني و غيرانساني برقرار شده‌اند يا درحال‌شكل‌گيري هستند. براساس اين رابطه­ هاي فضايي، نخل خرما، موقعيت جغرافيايي، اقليم، بهره ­بردار، دولت (سازمان جهاد كشاورزي)، سرمايه، آب و زمين، به‌ترتيب بازيگران كليدي و مؤثر در چگونگي سازگاربودن يا سازگارشدن نخل خرما در ناحية مكران محسوب مي­شوند. نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج تحقيق حاكي از آن است كه هريك از كنشگران داراي ميدان نيرويي هستند كه همديگر را تحت‌تأثير نيروي خود قرار داده‌اند و در حالتي از فشار و واكنش در چگونگي سازگاري اقليمي نخل خرما نقش و ماهيت يافته ­اند؛ ازاين‌رو، نخل خرما رابطه­ هايي متقابل از نوع رابطه­ هاي قدرت در مفهوم فشار-مقاومت با موقعيت جغرافيايي و كنشگران اقليمي دارد كه به ‌وسيلۀ بهره­ بردار، سرمايه، دولت، زمين و آب ميانجيگري مي­ شود.

1. Introduction The agricultural sector in the less developed countries on a national and regional scale affected by the national, regional and global economy, facing many challenges in terms of its functioning. This issue has limited food security and local and national development because agriculture in the marginalized and deprived areas of these countries is often of a kind of retail and traditional agriculture. Therefore, understanding the nature and dynamism of the rural and marginal areas of the less-developed countries, which are heavily influenced by several factors, including ecological conditions, not only requires awareness of environmental and structural changes, but also requires awareness of the effects of decision-making institutions and the spatial changes resulting from it. In less developed countries, including Iran, low productivity and low yield factors are considered the main challenges facing agricultural sector. One of the major challenges affecting the production function, especially in the field of date palm gardening, is the ecological and climatic conditions. Such a condition cannot be disrupted by human actions. Makkoran Area is climatically located in a dry, warm and very hot desert area with special conditions of rain (monsoon rainfall). Palm tree farming activities in this area faces many challenges, particularly in terms of adaptation to the climate. The present study seeks to trace and construct spatial relationships (networks) involved in the climate adaptation of date palms and emphasize its functional development in order to develop local economy in Makkoran Area of Iran.2. Review of Literature Previous researches have examined production efficiency in date palm gardening often in two dimensions. Some have examined production efficiency related to structural and human factors (such as institutional barriers to achieving subsidies, access to agricultural services, production costs, etc.) and few studies have examined the distribution of date palm trees and the possibility of its economic production under the influence of climate change. Lutfi (2010) examined the effect of production performance on date palm trees productivity in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Tunisia and Iraq, and showed that replacing them with high-quality cultivars is one of the main problems in reducing date palm productivity. Al-Abbad, Al-Jamal, Al-Alawi, Al-Sharid and Belifa (2011) investigated the economic feasibility of date palm trees cultivation in Saudi Arabia. They argued institutional barriers for accessing subsidies as a major threat. Shabani, Kumar and Taylor (2012) probed the effect of climate change on the distribution of date palms in the world and based on the results, some countries and regions such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq and southwestern Iran will face restrictions in the future in terms of date palm trees climate adaptation. But so far no study has investigated how the spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) shape the date palm economy especially in the production sector and how it is possible to define the climate adaptation mechanism of date palm via a relational (network) approach. Therefore this issue is strongly felt in Iran especially in economic agricultural and geographical studies. In the present study, the actor-network theory is considered as a theoretical framework. The main theme of the actor-network theory is that the action of the combination of human beings and non-human substances in a network is created. This means that the theory combines all (human and non-human) actors and denies purely social, technical, or purely natural affinities. It deals with the detection and tracking of links between a variety of actors (human, non-human, material, and discursive) that allows actors, events and processes to emerge as they are. Nowadays researchers, including geographers, follow a similar path that tracks heterogeneous strings of things to understand the construction of the social within the public. Instead of a social actor, this theory focuses on the social and material world in which the social-material actor is called the actant, and instead of a stable network with nodes, it shows the fluidity and unpredictability of the cohabitation of actors who have adopted the intellectual root of Deleuze. 3. Method This research was conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategyvariable) approach. The statistical population consisted of 17493 exploiters of date palms in the villages of Makkoran Area. The purposive-probabilistic method was used for sampling. For determining the sample size at the qualitative stage, the adequacy of information criterion and in the quantitative stage, the representativeness criterion was employed via the Cochran formula. Sample size at the qualitative stage was 111 exploiters of date palms and 16 experts. In the quantitative phase, 376 exploiters of date palms and 32 experts answered the quantitative questionnaire. The type of mixed analysis in the study is “the mixedmethods sequential explanatory analysis based on a qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data were analyzed using NVIVO software, and quantitative data with statistical methods in SPSS software environment. In the final stage, analysis and inference of data were done according to Latour's (1987) arguments of the translation method. 4. Results and Discussion Findings showed that there are complex and multi-faceted spatial relationships occur between human and non-human actors regarding the climate adaptation of date palm trees. In this regard, the geographic location and climatic actors are restrictive actors and barriers for the adaptation of indigenous date palm types are beneficial actors and provide favorable conditions for the production of dates. Also, these restricting actors are involved with other varieties of date palms (nonindigenous types) and mediated by the exploiter and the government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization) has become capable or opportunity-constructing actors. In other words, date palms, as a key actor due to geographical location and climate action, both restricts and provides conditions for the emergence of newer opportunities (the cultivation of new, compatible and exportable types). Hence, each one of the actors has a force field that influences the other and takes action on other or resist against other’s action in the form of pressure and reaction of date palms’ climate adaptability. Therefore, date palms have multi-faceted and reciprocal power relations in terms of pressure-resistance concept with geographic location (latitude and longitude) and climatic actors, which are mediated by exploiters, economy, government, land, and water. 5. Conclusion Among the actors of the geographical and climatic location, the relative humidity, altitude, latitude, temperature, rainfall, intensity of the solar radiation, and longitude have a wider and stronger spatial network and, as main determinants play roles in climate adaptation of date palms. Other climate actors, such as evapotranspiration, monsoon flows, and wind speed are also less restricting and weaker in spatial relationships. Therefore, spatial relationships between actors showed that date palms, exploiters, climate, geographic location, government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization), water, capital, and land are key actors in the adaptability of date palms, respectively.