پل دختر ميانه؛ شرح تاريخ، اسناد و مرمت هاي انجام شده

Pol-e-Dokhtar in Mīyāneh, History, Documents and Restorations

لازمۀ گذر از رودخانه هاي فصلي و دائمي با انگيزه هاي متنوع تجاري و سياسي و نظامي در دوره هاي مختلف، احداث پل بوده است. در اين ميان آذربايجان شرقي به سبب قرار داشتن بر مسير جادۀ ابريشم و راه هاي ارتباطي شرقي غربي و شمالي جنوبي همواره نقش مهمي در روابط تجاري و مسيرهاي تجاري داشته است و در دوره هاي تاريخي توجه زيادي به ساخت پل ها و مسيرهاي عبور و مرور در آن شده است. پل دختر ميانه از جملۀ مهم ترين اين پل هاست كه بر اساس قرائت هاي كتيبۀ تخريب شدۀ پل، تاريخ ساخت آن را به سال 888ق در دورۀ تيموري نسبت مي دهند، ولي تاريخ احداث بناي اوليۀ پل با توجه به شواهد تاريخي، احتمالا به زماني قبل از آن بازمي گردد. از لحاظ معماري، پل دختر ميانه شامل سه چشمه (دهانه) بزرگ با قوس جناقي، همراه با سه آب گذر كوچك بر روي آب بر هاي مستحكم سنگي است. سازۀ آجري پل را با ملات ساروج روي طاق هاي تركيبي كه آميزه اي از شيوۀ طاق زني رومي و ضربي هستند؛ بنا كرده اند. به جز آسيب ناشي از فرسايش بر اثر گذشت زمان، مخرب ترين آسيب سازه اي در 21آذر 5231ش بر اثر انفجار دهانۀ مياني پل توسط فرقه دموكرات آذربايجان به پل وارد شده است. بناي پل در طول ساليان بارها مرمت و بازسازي شده است. بر اساس كتيبۀ پل نخستين بار در قرن دهم هجري (دورۀ صفوي) و آخرين بار به صورت ناموفق در سال 2831ش توسط سازمان ميراث فرهنگي مرمت شده است. پژوهش حاضر بر اساس مطالعۀ اسنادي به بررسي تاريخي و تطبيقي پل دختر ميانه و مرمت هاي آن پرداخته است و لزوم مرمت و بازسازي كامل پل را به منظور جلوگيري از تخريب بيش تر آن و احياي مجموعۀ قلعۀ دختر و پل را به عنوان يكي از قطب هاي گردشگري شهرستان ميانه پيشنهاد مي كند.

Bridges are a kind of architectural engineering structure that satisfy economic, political and military needs during road construction of the historical period. They vary based on the environment and prevailing architectural style of each period. There are a large number of historical bridges dating back to the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods which are worthy of attention in terms of architecture and engineering. Among others, Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge over Qizil Üzan River in town of Mīyāneh –East Azerbaijan Province- is a remarkable property in northwest of Iran which stands along the main branches of Silk Roads. Its historical strategic significance, encouragement of people for its construction, and exposure to ruination are of the main reasons to carry out this research. Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge is one of the most outstanding properties of town of Mīyāneh in a distance of 20 Km southeastwardly and near to Qaflankūh Heights and 2 Km to Qal’eh Dokhtar (Dokhtar Castle) and over Qizil Üzan River (Red River). In the historical period, it facilitated the connection between Azerbaijan with Ray. It comprises of three big spans with raised pointed arches and three smaller culverts. The bridge is 120 m in length and a passageway 11 m in width. Its direction is east-west and its highest point is 16 m. The bridge piers are made of carved stones with beautiful and strong façade in the form of triangular (and polygonal) cutwaters for better water flow. To construct the bridge, the builders used KONŪD Method i.e. building small arches in the opposite direction of the main arch. This prevents the occurrence of arch movement from both sides and total reinforcement against the earthquake. Based on the readings of one of the ruined inscriptions it was built in 888 H./ 1483 A.D. at the time of the Timurids. But the date of its first construction probably dates to an earlier time and at least to the Ilkhanid period according to Arthur Upham Pope, Jafar Qiassi and Yousef Kiani. In terms of architecture, the bridge enjoys three big spans with raised pointed arches and three smaller culverts with strong stone cutwaters. The piers are made of stones and its brick part has been constructed with stucco mortar on the arches which are a combination of vaulting of raised pointed arches with straight barrel vaults. Besides to abrasion during its lifespan, the most important damage to the bridge was the one which exploded the central span in 12.12.1946. This led to destruction of the main span of the bridge. The Azerbaijan Democratic Sect blasted the bridge. it has been renovated for several times. Based on one of its earliest inscriptions, it was renovated in 10th century H./15th century A.D. (the Safavid period) and the last one was unsuccessfully carried out by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization in 2003. The present research utilizes field and archival studies to examine its historical and comparative studies about Pol-e-Dokhtar Bridge and its conservation. This paper tries to focus on the necessity for complete conservation of the bridge to prevent more destruction of it. In addition, revitalization of Qal’eh Dokhtar (Dokhtar Castle) would provide a touristic potential to the town of Mīyāneh.