آرامگاه هاي شهر جالق سراوان

Cemeteries of Town of Jalgh, Sarāvān

آرامگاه هاي محلۀ شيشه ريز شهر جالق از جملۀ مقابر برجسته و منحصر به فرد به جاي مانده در استان سيستان و بلوچستان است. با وجود اينكه اين مقابر در سال 1378 در فهرست آثار ملي به ثبت رسيده اما تاريخ دقيق احداث آن ها مشخص نيست [و حدس زده شده] از دورۀ سلجوقي تا صفوي ساخته شده باشند. گذشته از تاريخ بنا و شيوۀ معماري، آنچه كه اين آثار را منحصر به فرد كرده، مقابر مصطبه اي موجود در كف و دفن نوزادان در بدنۀ ديوارهاي داخلي اين بناهاست. دربارۀ چرايي تدفين نوزادان در درون ديوارهاي اين مقابر اتفاق نظري وجود ندارد. يافتن پاسخي براي اين پرسش، هدف اصلي اين پژوهش، يعني معرفي و شناساندن اين اثر كم نظير به علاقه مندان وادي فرهنگ و تمدن ايران است. به ويژه آنكه اين آرامگاه ها به سبب آنكه وجاهت مذهبي ندارند، مورد بي توجهي مردم محلي واقع شده و به حال خود رها شده اند و امروزه شاهد نابودي تدريجي اين بناهاي ارزشمند هستيم. به همين منظور در اين نوشتار ابتدا به بيان موقعيت قرارگيري و تاريخچه مجموعه پرداخته شده و سپس توصيف دقيقي از معماري اين مقابر به دست داده شده است و در نهايت علل شيوۀ منحصربه فرد تدفين در مقابر شهر جالق ذكر شده است. نتيجۀ تحقيق مي تواند مبدا پژوهش هاي آتي و مقدمه اي بر حفاظت اين مقابر باشد.

Town of Jalgh (Zālgh/Žālgh) is one of the districts in the Iranian Baluchistan and had been one of the governmental centers of the local governing rulers. Totally, there are thirteen cemeteries in this frontier town which have been located at south and southwestern sides of the town in the neighborhoods of “Sūru” and “Šīšeh-rīz”. Five cemeteries have been situated on a hill in Sūru Neighborhood and eight others have been located at a palm grove in Šīšeh-rīz Neighborhood. This paper focuses on four cemeteries in Šīšeh-rīz Neighborhood. These cemeteries neighbor each other and are close to village of Šīšeh-rīz which a number of architectural remains exist over there. These cemeteries are unrivaled in the province of Sistan va Baluchistan. There were registered in the Iranian National Inventory of Heritage in 1999 with the number of 3036. They were renovated in 2009. Although the date of these cemeteries is said to date back to the 7th and 8th centuries H. (15th & 16th centuries AD) in the nomination file, but there exists no exact date for their establishment. What has been said relies on a number of assumptions based on the method of construction and decorations from the Ilkhanid to Safavid periods. Mud-brick was the main material of construction and their plans were square and square-rectangular which were roofed by fairly tall oval domes. Dimensions, size, decorations and particulars of each grave depend on the social status and significance of the dead person. Although it can also be related to the different periods of construction. What has made these graves unique is that mud-brick mastaba graves are located at the center these cemeteries and babies have been buried in the interior walls of these structures in a way that the walls were carved 40 cm in depth and 5-60 cm in length. Then the baby was laid in the cavity. Finally, the cavity was filled and covered with clay mortar or gypsum mortar. As all babies were wrapped in a plain white cerement, it may reveal that they were Muslim. There is no unanimous opinion why the babies were buried in such walls. To answer this question and in concert with the main objective of this research, this unique site should be firstly introduced to the interested people in the Iranian culture and civilization. Considering the fact that these cemeteries had no religious function, local people did not pay attention to them. Consequently, these precious buildings have been gradually abandoned and ruined. Accordingly, this paper tries to introduce cemeteries of Šīšeh-rīz Neighborhood of Jalgh through descriptive- analytical method and data gathering via library and field investigations. In doing so, first of all, the location and historical background along with a precise description of the architecture of the said cemeteries have been provided. Finally, a number of reasons for the burial uniqueness in the graves of town of Jalgh were presented. The findings of this research can be a starting point for future researches and the first step for their conservation.