پديد آورندگان :
سلطاني محمدي، مهدي دانشگاه شهيد بهشتي , يوسفي، يوسف دانشگاه شهيد بهشتي , بلوري بناب، محمد دانشگاه شهيد بهشتي
كليدواژه :
قنات , شبكۀ تقسيم آّب , كشت خوان , محمديۀ نايين
چكيده فارسي :
عوامل طبيعي از اصلي ترين و اثرگذارترين عوامل شكل بخشي يك سكونت گاه و تحولات آن هستند. كوه ها، رودخانه ها، قنوات و دره ها از جملۀ مؤلفه هاي نيروي طبيعي هستند. در اين ميان چگونگي تامين آب در شكل گيري يك زيستگاه و تحولات آن نقشي بارز دارد. كيفيت تامين آب هر زيستگاه، بخشي از فرهنگ آن است. در اقليم گرم و خشك محمديه با بارش اندك و عدم وجود منابع آب هاي سطحي، قنات ها به عنوان تنها تامين كنندۀ آب مطرح بوده اند. اين قنات ها دو گونه اند: گونۀ نخست قنات هاي مزروعي (مانند قنات ح نفش) كه بلافاصله از مظهر وارد زمين هاي كشاورزي مي شوند، و گونۀ دوم قنات هاي شهري مزروعي كه بعد از مظهر، وارد بافت مسكوني شده و مسير تقسيم و پخشايش آن املاك و اراضي خصوصي و همچنين فضاهاي عمومي را در مي نوردد. با توجه به اينكه قنات محمديه ذيل گونۀ قنات هاي شهري مزروعي قرار مي گيرد، اين پژوهش در قالب روشي تحليلي و پيمايشي در سه بخش به بررسي نحوۀ تعامل ساكنان محمديه با اين نظام آبي پرداخته است. شناخت اين قنات و همچنين مسير آن تا مظهر در ابتداي بافت مسكوني، بخش اول اين تحقيق را تشكيل مي دهد. بررسي شبكۀ تقسيم قنات در بافت مسكوني و عناصر و فضاهاي كالبدي كه در پيوند با اين نظام شكل گرفته اند، در بخش دوم انجام گرفته است. موضوع بخش سوم تحقيق نيز مطالعۀ نظام مديريت و تقسيم قنات بعد از خارج شدن از بافت مسكوني و روان شدن در بخش مزروعي قنات (باغ ها و كشت خوان) است. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه نظام آبي مبتني بر قنات در محمديه، شامل شبكۀ تقسيم سازمان يافته اي است كه در پيوند با نيازهاي سكونت گاه و مرتبط با متغيرهايي همچون توپوگرافي و شيب زمين، و جنس زمين و نوع خاك آن شكل گرفته است. اين شبكۀ تقسيم شامل عناصر و فضاهاي متنوعي از قبيل خانه هاي مسكوني، گرمابه، مركز محله، مسجد، گذرها و معابر، و غس ال خانه است. همچنين نحوۀ حضور آب در هر يك از اين فضاها داراي كيفيت متفاوتي است كه عموما به صورت جوي (زيرزميني و روزميني) و حوض و كه (پاياب) طراحي شده است. آبياري كشت پاييزه (گندم و جو) و كشت بهاره (پنبه) در هر سال با مدار گردش آب در هر 18 شبانه روز در پهنۀ 75هكتاري كشت خوان محمديه از قانون مندي هاي حاكم بر نظام آبي اين كشت خوان است.
چكيده لاتين :
Natural factors are the principal and the most effective influencers in shaping a settlement. Mountains, rivers,
qanats, and valleys are some of the components of the natural forces. The method for sourcing water has an
influential role in the life in a habitat and its development.
The response of any habitat to its need for water becomes
part of the culture of that city. In the hot and dry region of
Mohammadiyeh, with small rainfall and the non-resistance
of surface water sources, qanat has been the only provider of
water which an be found in two types. One is the agricultural
qanat which immediately goes into the farmland (Hanfash
Qanat) and the other is the urban-agricultural qanat where
it goes to an urban area and its direct and distributed route
includes some private utilisation as well as public spaces.
Since the Mohammadiyeh Qanat is in the urban-agricultural
qanat category. This research uses an analytical and survey
method to examine how Mohammadiyeh interacts with this
irrigation system in three sections. Section one consists
of familiarisation with this qanat as well as its route to its
outlet at the beginning of the residential district. Section two
examines the qanat distribution system in the residential district and physical elements and spaces which have come
about as a result of this system. The third section includes the
study of the qanat management and distribution system once
it is out of the residential area and into the agricultural part
of the qanat (orchards and farms). The research results show
that the qanat based irrigation system in Mohammadiyeh,
includes an organised distribution system that has come into
being through the needs of the settlements, and in relation to
variables such as land slope and topography, land structure,
and the type of soil. This distribution network includes
various elements and spaces including residential houses,
public baths, the neighbourhood centre, mosque, passages
and walkways as well as the mortuary. Also, the presence of
water in each of these places has a different quality, which are
generally designed as a ditch (overground or underground),
pools and “Keh” (riffle). From the beginning of the twentieth
century and through using modern technology, modern water
sourcing and distribution networks acted as the replacement
for the traditional water networks, and contributed to the
modern city alongside other modern city infrastructure such as transport, electrical, gas, telephone and sewage networks.
The Mohammadiyeh water distribution system has not been
immune to these changes and the water circulation has
changed in some of the buildings and some of the buildings
have come out of this distribution network. With respect
to the management and distribution system of this water
network after leaving the residential district, to be used for
agricultural irrigation, there are certain rules in place which
have been developed through many long years of operation
for this water distribution network. Two types of autumn
planting (wheat and barley) and spring planting (cotton)
every year with the water circulation of 18 days and nights
in the 75 hectare cultivated lands of Mohammadiyeh is one
of the existing rules governing this farmland. The irrigation
council of small holders is at the top of the water distribution
governance of this qanat, the members are chosen from
experienced farmers in irrigation and its related local rules.
Tāsdār (Mīrāb) the person responsible for the timing and
division of the water rights, the water notifier, Dashtbān
(guard), Momayez, Mohāseb and Fakhārī are some of the
roles within the executive hierarchy of this system.
