كليدواژه :
رود ارس , بررسي باستان شناختي , چشم انداز فرهنگي , الگوي استقراري
چكيده فارسي :
عوامل جغرافيايي و طبيعي، مخصوصا رودخانه ها و كوه ها، هميشه چه در پيش از تاريخ، و چه در دوران تاريخي و معاصر كه انسان قادر به تغيير و كنترل شرايط و عوارض جغرافيايي است نقش بسيار مهمي در شكل دهي استقرارها، روابط بين منطقه اي و فرا منطقه اي بازي كرده است. اين عوارض در طول تاريخ گاهي تسهيل كننده روابط يا مانع و سدي براي ارتباط بين جوامع بوده اند. رودخانه ارس در شمال غرب ايران يكي از اين عوامل جغرافيايي است كه هنوز نقش آن در شكل دهي استقرارها و برهم كنش هاي منطقه اي و فرامنطقه اي در طول تاريخ بر ما پوشيده است و هيچ گاه كرانه هاي آن به صورت روش مند مورد مطالعات باستان شناختي قرار نگرفته است. در اين راستا، در بهار سال 1392 به مدت دوماه بخشي از حوضه جنوبي اين رودخانه به صورتي روشمند بررسي پيمايشي شد تا درك دقيق تري از چشم انداز جغرافيايي و فرهنگي آن به دست بيايد. مقاله پيش رو به توصيف اين پروژه و ارائه دستاوردهاي مقدماتي آن خواهد پرداخت. در نتيجه اين بررسي، 50 محوطه باستانشناختي از بازه زماني نوسنگي تا دوره قاجار شناسايي و ثبت شد. نتايج اين بررسي نشان مي دهد كه رود ارس اگرچه در برخي از دوره هاي تاريخي يك مرز سياسي طبيعي بوده است، اما بيشتر از آنكه مانعي طبيعي براي برقراري تعاملات فرهنگي و اقتصادي و سياسي باشد، تسهيل كننده حركت هاي جمعيتي و روابط فرهنگي بين منطقه اي بوده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Geographical and natural factors especially rivers and mountains have always played crucial roles in settlement
patterns, regional and transregional relations since prehistory
to the historical period and contemporary time. In a period
of time these factors facilitated the connections and once
were barred the societies from communicating. Araxes River
in the northwest of Iran is one of the geographical factors
that we know very little about its role in the formation of
settlements and regional and transregional transactions
through the course time, and its riversides have never been
methodologically studied regarding the archaeological point
of view. In this relation, in Spring 2003 a methodological
survey has been carried out in the southern region of this
river for two months to provide a better understanding of
its geographical and cultural landscape. This paper tries to
explain the project and its preliminary achievements. It also
attempts to reconstruct the cultural landscape and settlement
pattern of this region through time. In the first phase, a region
of 110 Km in the area was surveyed. This area encompasses
eastwardly Jānānlū Town, westerly Jolfa Town,
northwardly Araxes River and southwardly Kīyāmakī
Mountains and Qara Dagh. Besides, some areas in the
eastern part were randomly investigated. Among the goals the following points can be mentioned: reconnaissance the
settlement landscape of this region in the period from the 5th
to 3rd millennium BC, identification of north-south passages
on Araxes River as well as the interrelationship among
settlements scattered on the southern Araxes riverside. The
survey identified fifty archaeological settlements from the
Neolithic to Qajar periods which were documented. The
settlements enjoy hills (tepes), outdoor areas, cemeteries,
kurgans, several canals and Qanats. Among the identified
and registered sites, ten sites belong to the Neolithic/ copperlithic period. Seven sites belong to Bronze Age, and thirty-six
ones belong to Iron Age, thirty-seven sites to the historical
period and thirty-three sites date back to the Islamic period.
The findings reveal although Araxes River has functioned
as a natural political borderline in some historical periods
it acted as a facilitator of population movements and intraregional
cultural relations than acting as a barrier against
cultural, economic and political transactions. For example,
in the early 3rd Millennium BC (Kura-Araxes Period),
Araxes River and its sub-branches functioned as passage
wats and directed the Kura-Araxes immigrants. At the time
of Urartian kings and much later in the Qajar period, the
same river played a vital role in the geopolitics of the region
and was regarded as a very strategic communicating point as
well as a border between the powers of the then time.
