اصول و راهكارهاي طراحي ساختارهاي ميان افزا به مثابه محرك توسعه بافت هاي تاريخي

Principles and strategies for designing infill structures as driving

با گذشت زمان و فرسوده شدن بافت هاي تاريخي، موجوديت و يكپارچگي آنها در اثر تخريب بافت، ساخت وسازهاي جديد غيراصولي در زمين هاي خالي درون آن و توسعه غيراصولي شهرها مورد تهديد قرار گرفته است. طراحي بناي ميان افزا، با در نظر گرفتن اصول و الگوهاي موجود در زمينه، ضمن حفظ ارزش هاي بافت تاريخي به حيات مجدد آن كمك نموده و همچنين اين ساختارها مي توانند در راستاي تسريع توسعه بافت قديمي عمل نمايند. هدف اين مقاله دستيابي به راهكارهايي به منظور طراحي بناهاي جديد در زمين هاي خالي به منظور بازيابي يكپارچگي كالبدي و عملكردي بافت تاريخي است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش كيفي و راهبرد تحليل محتواي حاصل از تعاريف مرتبط با موضوع و نظريات موجود در مورد اصول طراحي ميان افزا و چگونگي تاثير آن به عنوان محرك توسعه و استنتاج حاصل از آن، سعي در تدوين الگويي مفهومي براي طراحي ميان افزا و در ارتباط با نقش و اهميت آن در بافت تاريخي به عنوان محرك توسعه دارد. اصول و راهكارهاي پيشنهادي در همه موارد ثابت نيستند، ولي جامع بوده و مي توانند خود را با ويژگي هاي زمينه تطبيق داده و در موقعيت هاي متنوع مورد استفاده قرار بگيرند. در اين راستا ابتدا تعاريف مرتبط با موضوع بيان شده اند، سپس ارزش و اصالت، مديريت تغيير، يكپارچگي و انسجام، زيبايي، پيوستگي و كاربري به عنوان اصول كلي براي طراحي ميان افزا و ابعاد اقتصادي، زيبايي و كالبدي، زيرساخت ها، اجتماعي و كاربري در طراحي بناي محرك توسعه تبيين شده اند و در انتها، راهكارهايي با عنوان ساختار شهري، دانه بندي، تراكم و كاربري، مقياس، شكل، مصالح و جزييات، منظر، نماها و نشانه ها و توسعه تاريخي به منظور طراحي ساختار ميان افزا و همچنين ابعاد مختلف اجتماعي، كالبدي، كاربري، اقتصادي و زيرساخت ها براي طراحي بناي جديد به مثابه محرك توسعه در بافت تاريخي از اين اصول استنتاج شده اند.

The Historic fabrics of cities have particular importance with evidences of the life style of people and cultural and social values. Exhaustion and destruction caused by natural and human factors leads to the creation of empty fields in historical fabrics. In fact, with the exhaustion of historical textures and lack of living needs, the original inhabitants of these tissues are forced to migrate and provide further damage. This necessitates the design of a new structure in these fields in order to restore their formal and functional character. Undoubtedly, the construction of new buildings is one of the essential factors for meeting the needs of residents and improving their living standards. They can include new necessary modern functions or infrastructures to support the life of inhabitants of historic quarters. But if the appropriate approach is not adopted in this field, irreparable damage will be inflicted on the body of the historical texture and historical image of the city. Therefore, designing and constructing new buildings, in the light of the design principles, can contribute preserve the values of the historic urban areas. It can be an opportunity for development and physical and functional revitalization of historical texture. New buildings constructed in historical fabrics, are called 'Infill' and in this sense that they are constructed within the existing fabric and emerge in empty fields, certain principles must be respected in the design to avoid damages to fabric authenticity and values of adjacent buildings. Design new collections with a view to driving the development of these contexts will help to restore their social and economic dynamics. These complexes are called driver development buildings. This paper aims to propose and principles and strategies which leads to models of design of new buildings in the historical fabrics so that the buildings can contribute to a more dynamic historical context, causing their physical and functional renewal and are actually driving development. Of course, these instructions are not constant in all cases, but they are comprehensive and can be adapted to the specifics of the field and can be used in a variety of situations. The purpose is to explore how good design in historic fabric is achieved. There is not one correct answer or approach of course, but there are ways of thinking and working which increase the likelihood of success. In this regard, firstly, the definitions related to the topic, and ways to encourage development are expressed and then, with the introduction of general methods and rules for infill design, guidelines for designing a new structure and driving the development of historical fabric are expressed and finally factors that need to be considered in order to achieve this goal are presented in the diagram. The desired outcome is the high quality design of new buildings and spaces in historic fabrics by considering these guidelines.