كليدواژه :
نقـش شـاه , خط مشي ھاي روسـاي جمهـوري آمريكـا , ثبـات در ايـران , اصـلاحات سياسـي , صـادرات تسليحاتي , نقض حقوق بشر
چكيده فارسي :
مواضع روساي جمهوري آمريكا در قبال شاه بر وضعيت بحراني و اهميت استراتژيك ايران در سال هاي جنگ دوم و دوران پس از آن تاثير عمده داشت. در زمان حكومت دموكرات ها، سياست آمريكا در قبال ايران بيشتر تحت تاثير قضاوت هاي رئيس جمهور آمريكا راجع به شاه عموماً انتقادي و واكنشي بود؛ در حالي كه در زمان حكومت جمهوري خواهان، روساي جمهوري آمريكا در مناسبات خود با ايران بيشتر تحت تاثير ساختارهاي حزبي قرار بودند و از شاه حمايت مي كردند. نوشتار توصيفي– تحليلي حاضر تلاش دارد، نگاه ها و مواضع مختلف روساي جمهوري آمريكا نسبت به شاه در فاصله 79-1943 را بررسي و اين سئوال عمده را پاسخ دهد كه علل كدر بودن متقابل نگاه هاي روساي جمهور دموكرات و شاه از يكديگر، از يك سو، و دلايل نزديكي متقابل روابط روساي جمهور از حزب جمهوري خواه و شاه، از سوي ديگر، چه بودند؟
چكيده لاتين :
The US presidents’ views on the Shah had the major impact upon Iran’ s critical situation and strategic importance during the Second World War and its aftermath. The U. S. policy toward the Shah in the Democrats tenure in the White House were mostly inspired by the presidents’ judgments that was critical to the his rule; while under the Republicans presidents, their policies were determined by the party structure that usually supported him. In the FDR’ s and Truman’ s era, the Shah’ s role was not regarded as important, while preserving Iranian stability was essetial. In the Eisenhower era, the Shah’ s role in the Iranian politics had got a major boost. However, and in the contrary to the conventional viewpoints, Eisenhower had no desire to stage any coup against government of Dr. Mossadeq. The coup, itself, was more the dictate of international system. President John Kennedy put aside Eisenhower’ s relentless policy of supporting the Shah, and instead, criticized him for not paying due attention to the wellbeing of the Iranian people. He pressed the Shah for the economic development, political reforms and curtailing its military expenditure. With Lyndon Johnson’ s presidency, long term stability of the shah’ s regime and the support of his White Revolution, had become the two major American concerns. However, unending Shah’ s apatite to purchase more and newer weaponry was considered by the American officials as the real bone of contention in the U. S. – Iran relations. After Richard Nixon came to power, the Shah got the opportunity to breath free. In the 1969 onwared, the U. S. President’ s relations with the Shah had undergone a completely new arrangement, called the Nixon doctrine. This arrangement assigned the task of maintaining security of the Persian Gulf to the Iranian forces with the U. S. as only, the arms supplier. The Nixon policy continued in the Ford Administration. Nevertheless, problems in the U. S.-Iran relations and in fact the Shah’ s countdown of the fall, started in that short years. Jimmy Carter’ s coming to power ended the previous U. S. presidents’ committments to the Shah. He particularly put aside their policies of exporting unwarranted arms to Iran, while closing eyes to the regime’ s human rights violation.
