واكاوي مفهوم«دموكراسي» در ادﺑﯿﺎت ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ ﻏﺮب؛ اﺑﻌﺎد و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎ

Evolution of the Concept of Democracy in Classical Western Literature; Dimensions and Approaches

اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ واﮐﺎوي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم «دموكراسي» در ادبيات كلاسيك غرب در سه برش تاريخي در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﯾﻮﻧﺎن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن، ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ و دوره ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣـﯽدﻫـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﭼـﺮا و ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻏﺮب ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻌﻄﻮف ﺑﻪ ﻏﺎﯾﺘﯽ آرﻣﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﯾﮕﺮ، اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ، ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻟﻮده ﺷﮑﻨﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ اﺑﺰار ﯾﺎ روﺷﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻬﻮر و ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕـﺎه ﺑـﻪ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳـﯽ از ﻣﻨﻈـﺮ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ اﯾﺪه آل، ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ از آﻧﮑﻪ واﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻣﻌﻄﻮف ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آرﻣﺎن آن ﺟﺰ ﺑﺎ آزادي ﻣﻌﻘـﻮل به دست نمي آيد . ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﮐﺎري اﻓﻼﻃﻮن و ﻧﻮع دوﺳﺘﯽ ارﺳﻄﻮ و ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ ﻣﺪاري اﻫﻞ ﮐﻠﯿﺴﺎ، ﻫﯿﭻ ﯾـﮏ ﺑـﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎظ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮي، ﺑـﺎ آﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ در دوره ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﭘﺲ از ﻇﻬﻮر ﻫﺎﺑﺰ و ﻻك، ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧـﺪه ﺷـﺪه، ﺗﻔـﺎوت ﻣـﺎﻫﻮي «ﻟﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺴﻢ» ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ .آﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺴﻢ و ﯾﺎ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ ﻟﯿﺒﺮال ﻗﺮاﺋﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد، ﻣﺴـﺄﻟﻪ اي ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاﯾﯽ و ﻧـﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در آراي ﻓﯿﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎن ﻗـﺪﯾﻢ ﻣـﻮرد ﺑـﺎزﺧﻮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺠـﺪد و در آراي ﻓﯿﻠﺴـﻮﻓﺎن ﺟﺪﯾـﺪ ﺑﺎزﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﺷﻮد.

This article, while analyzing the concept of democracy in Western classical literature, shows in three historical cuts in ancient Greek philosophy, political philosophy and the new era, why and how democracy in a Western political philosophy is conceptualized with an ideal end. In other words, this article, by establishing the concept of democracy as a tool or method for the republic, and looking at democracy from the perspective of social democracy, as an ideal concept, seeks to show that democracy, before it depends on the shape of the republic, focuses on Content is the one whose ideal is not achieved with reasonable freedom. The Plato and Altruism of Aristotle and the Shariatim of the Church, none of the contents, have any significant difference with what they read in the new era and after the emergence of Hobbes and Locke as liberalism. What is being called liberalism or liberal democracy is a content issue, not a form that can be reconsidered in the views of old philosophers and rebuilt in the views of new philosophers.