مروري بر داربست هاي رايج در مهندسي بافت به منظور بازسازي بافت استخوان

A Review on Commonly Used Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering for Bone Tissue Regeneration

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ: اﺳﺘﺨﻮان از ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ، ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل ﮔﺎﻫﯽ آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر وﺳﯿﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﯾﺎ آﺳﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ ﺧﻮدﺑﻪﺧﻮدي ﯾﺎ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ داروﻫﺎ و ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت ﺟﺮاﺣﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﻫﻢ اﮐﻨﻮن ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪدﻟﯿﻞ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﯽ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺑﺎزﺳﺎﺧﺘﯽ آﺳﯿﺐ وارده را ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ ﮐﺮد. ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺑﺎزﺳﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ روشﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻮلدرﻣﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ، راﻫﮑﺎر ﺟﺪﯾﺪي را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎي ﺟﺒﺮان ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﺷﻮد، زﯾﺮا در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ، ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ازدﺳﺖرﻓﺘﻪ وﺳﯿﻊ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد دارﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺨﻮان ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ دارد. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دارﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺨﻮان، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ: ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر، ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ، اﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎم، ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﺳﻄﺢ، اﻟﻘﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ و روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ دارﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺨﻮان ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎل ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺨﻮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع زﯾﺴﺖ ﭘﻠﯿﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ و ﺳﺮاﻣﯿﮏﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. ﺳﺮاﻣﯿﮏﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در دارﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ آنﻫﺎ، ﺷﯿﺸﻪﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل، ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ و ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﻮاﻧﯽ را اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺳﺮاﻣﯿﮏﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﺘﺨﻮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Introduction: Bone is one of the tissues that have a true potential for regeneration. However, sometimes the bone defects are so outsized that there is no chance of bone self-repair and restoration or the damage is such that it is not possible to repair with medical or surgical interventions. In these situations, bone grafts are the treatment of choice, but due to several obstacles, including limitation in graft preparation and immunological incompatibility, bone grafts face some limitations. In these cases, with the help of regenerative medicine, the bone damages could be repaired. Regenerative medicine provides a new approach for large bone defects by cell therapy and tissue engineering. As, sometime the damaged tissues are so wide that there is no chance of self-repair, the engineered structures help to accelerate the tissue natural repairing. This review focuses on the importance of stem cells and scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Also, the important characteristics of bone tissue engineered scaffolds like structure, porosity, stability, surface chemistry, bone induction and different met hods of scaffold fabrication are discussed. Up to now, various natural and synthet ic compounds were used for bone tissue engineering, including biopolymers, which are categorized to natural, synthet ic and ceramics. Bioceramics work as effective compound scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. From them bioglasses are one of the important materials which enhance the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. Therefore, the current paper discussed biopolymers, as the effective compounds for regeneration of bone tissue.