چكيده فارسي :
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ: ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﻼﻣﻲ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺖ ﺩﻧـﺪﺍﻥ، ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫـﺎ، ﻋﻠـﻞ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ. ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻧـﮓ، ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﮕﻲ،ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪﮔﻲ، ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﺷﺪﻥ، ﻛﺮﻡ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ، ﻛُﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ: ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻛﻬﻦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﺑﻦ ﻃﺒﺮﻱ ، ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺑـﻦ ﺳـﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺠﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﺯﻱ. ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻃﺒﺮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺻـﻔﻮﻳﻪ907 ﺗﺎ 1135ﻕ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ
ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ- ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﻳﻪ، ﻣﺴﻮﺍﻙ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻧﺨـﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺧـﻮﺍﺭﻛﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻡ، ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ. ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ، ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻊ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻟﺜﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺰﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻟﺜﻪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧـﺪ. ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ، ﺑﺎﺩﻛﺶ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ، ﺩﺍﻍ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ، ﺣﺠﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺼﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻮﻳﺪﻧﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫـﺎﻳ ﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻨﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ، ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻀﻤﻀﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ، ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣـﺪﺍﻭﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧـﺪ. ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ، ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ، ﺳﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﺍﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ.
ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ: ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﺍﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻃﺒﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Purpose: Dental knowledge in Islamic civilization was not considered a separate discipline. Islamic doctors did a lot of research about the nature of teeth, diseases, causes and ways to treat it. They described precisely different dental diseases under various titles, such as decay, resizing and color, fracture, wear, perforation, corrosion, sluggishness, and tooth decay. They tried to explain the causes of each one.
Methods and Materials: This research is based on ancient medical texts. The most important of these sources are: Ferdos al-Hakmah Ibn-Rabban Tabari, Ibn-e-Sinachr('39')s Qanun, Kamel al-Sanachr('39')a chr('39')Ali ibn Abbas Maqusi and Al-Hawi Razi. Along with that, the works of Jorjani and the Moalejat al Boqratiyya of Ahmad Tabari and Muslim doctors up to the beginning of the Safavid period (reign: 907-1135 AH) have also been used. However, the first-hand content is found in four first sources. The research method in this paper is descriptive and in the further attempt of the authors it was to match the findings and achievements of Muslim dentistry with modern dentistry - to the extent possible.
Results: Muslim doctors have been prophylaxis for pre-treatment, so itchr('39')s advisable to use mouthwash, toothbrushing, not to eat some foods like pickles, sweets, cold and hot meals, to rub oil on teeth To maintain health and improve oral health. Muslim doctors believe that many dental illnesses are caused by human and gum dampness, thus prescribing drugs to change the condition and dry the gum. Drug treatments, winding, dripping, cupping, and prostate drugs were used in chewing or dermatological drugs that were applied to the teeth, and were used as a fusion and placement. In addition to the use of medicine, doctors used special dental instruments for treatment. Tooth filling, restoration of rotten teeth and broken teeth, stiffening of lacerated teeth and scaling were common methods for dental treatment.
Conclusion: The method of prevention and treatment of unhealthy teeth in traditional medicine, which was prescribed by herbal and animal medicine, indicates the identification of herbs and their efficacy in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, the method of medicine and applied drugs after confirmation can be used in modern dentistry.
