آزمون صلاحيت حرفه اي پزشكان در كتاب ادب الطبيب

Physician’s Professional Competence Exam in Adab al-Tabib

ساﺑﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ: ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺁﻣـ ﺪ؛ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﻱ ﻃﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ، ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴـﺐ ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ، ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ ﻗﻤﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ، ﺷـﻴﻮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﺎﻥ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﻩ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ: ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺔ ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﻫـﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ: ﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ، ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ. ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻧﻈـﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻥ ﻣﺼـﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ، ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﺪﺍﻭﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻓﺼﺪ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ ﻭ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ، ﺁﮔـﺎﻫﻲ، ﻧﮕـﺮﺵ، ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭﺕ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ، ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.

Background and Purpose: Determination of the professional competence of physicians was one of the most important and significant issues in the educational and therapeutic system of medicine in Islamic civilization. Hence, there were some approaches to test physicians in manuscripts of sages in Islamic civilization era. One of these works is ‘Adab al-Tabib’, a well-known historic book on medical ethics written by Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi (8th century AD). In this book, comprehensive and accurate approaches to determine the professional competence of physicians were provided. The aim of this paper is to review the determination of physicians’ professional competence according to the text of Adab al-Tabib. Methods and Materials: In this review article, we reviewed and analyzed the subject of the physicianschr('39') professional competence exam in the ‘Adab al-Tabib’ by Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi and the content was compiled by means of content analysis. Conclusion: Al-Ruhawi designed a bipartite exam to determine the professional competence of physicians; the theoretical part assesses the physician’s knowledge and attitude like a deep interview. While in the practical part, practical skills such as familiarity with the tools and methods of operation and some practices such as “Fasd” (Phlebotomy) were evaluated. During this exam, assessment of the principles and techniques of specialized knowledge with full details have been considered in addition to knowledge of the theoretical foundations and basic sciences. In conclusion, Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi designed a structured comprehensive examination for the determination of the professional competence of physicians in order to provide an instrument to assess physicians’ knowledge, attitude, behavior, and skills for the use of his time scientific society. Some matters are outstanding and can be used.