ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰ آرﺑﻮﺳﮑﻮﻻر درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ در رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن

Arbuscular mycorhizal fungi associated with pistachio trees in Rafsanjan

ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰ آرﺑﻮﺳﮑﻮﻻر ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴﺖ رﯾﺸﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴﺘﻪ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻓﺮارﯾﺸﻪ آن در زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1389 و ﺑﻬﺎر 1390 از ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. رﻧﮓ آﻣﯿﺰي رﯾﺸﻪ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ اﺳﭙﻮر در ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﻓﺮارﯾﺸﻪ ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دو ﻓﺼﻞ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن و ﺑﻬﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ و ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ و اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﮐﺸﺖ ﺗﻠﻪ ﮔﻠﺪاﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ذرت و ﺳﻮرﮔﻮم اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. اﺳﭙﻮر ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰ آرﺑﻮﺳﮑﻮﻻر ﺑﺎ روش اﻟـﮏ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب و ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﯾﻔﯿﻮژ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺷﮑﺮ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻌﺮف ﻣﻠﺰر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه PVLG اﺳﻼﯾﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳـﮑﻮﭘﯽ ﺗﻬﯿـﻪ و در زﯾـﺮ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮپ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺘﯽ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺷـﮑﻞ، اﻧـﺪازه، رﻧـﮓ اﺳـﭙﻮر، ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ، ﺗﻌﺪاد و وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي دﯾﻮاره اﺳﭙﻮر، ﻧﺤﻮه اﺗﺼﺎل رﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﭙﻮر، ﻧﻮع اﺳﭙﻮرﮐﺎرپ، وﺟﻮد ﯾﺎ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﭘﺮﯾﺪﯾﻮم، ﻧﺤﻮه آراﯾﺶ اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ در اﺳﭙﻮرﮐﺎرپ و ﻏﯿﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ رﻧﮓ آﻣﯿﺰي رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﺴـﺘﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎن دﻫﻨـﺪه ي ﻫﻤﺰﯾﺴـﺘﯽ ﺑـﺎﻻي اﯾـﻦ ﮔﯿـﺎه ﺑـ ﺎ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰ آرﺑﻮﺳﮑﻮﻻر داﺷﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺷﻤﺎرش اﺳﭙﻮر ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ اﺳﭙﻮر در ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮم ﺧﺎك در ﻓﺼﻞ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﯾﮏ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻫـﺎي Simiglomus ،Funneliformis ،Claroideoglomus و ﭼﻬـﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺟﻨﺲ Glomus ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﯿﮑﻮﻓﻠﻮر ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ Simiglomus hoi ﺮاي ﻓﻠﻮر ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

In order to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees, root samples were collected in winter 2010 to spring 2011 in Rafsanjan. The root staining and spores population measurement were investigated in different pistachio varieties and seasons (winter and spring). Trap culture method using maize (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum vulgaris) were performed to produce healthy and abundant spores for identification. Wet sieving and decanting methods were used to extract AMF spores from soil. Species were identified using morphological and morphometrical characteristics. Root staining results showed a high symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with pistachio roots. Spore populations per gram soil were higher in winter than spring. Based on this research, one species of Claroideoglomus, Funneliformis and Simiglomus as well as four species of Glomus were isolated and identified. All species are new records for pistachio mycoflora and this is the first record of Simiglomus hoi for Iran.