شناسايي عوامل پوسيدگي ريشه و طوقه پسته در استان سيستان و بلوچستان

Identification of Pistachio Root and Crown Rot Casual Agents in Sistan-Baluchistan Province

ﭘﺴﺘﻪ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي در اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﭘﻮﺳﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ و رﯾﺸﻪ )ﮔﻤﻮز ﯾﺎ اﻧﮕﻮﻣﮏ( ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎكﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﯽرود. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺎن و ﺑﻠﻮﭼﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ زﯾﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﯿﺶ از 7000 ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻌﺪاد 30 ﺑﺎغ ﭘﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻃﯽ دو ﺳﺎل در ﻓﺼﻮل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از درﺧﺘﺎن داراي ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺗﯿﭙﯿﮏ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري و از ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي داراي آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺎك رﯾﺰوﺳﻔﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم و ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺎ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﯾﺦ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻃﻌﻤﻪﮔﺬاري ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺑﺮگ ﻣﺮﮐﺒﺎت روي ﺧﺎك اﺷﺒﺎع اﻃﺮاف درﺧﺘﺎن آﻟﻮده و روش ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ رﯾﺸﻪ و ﻃﻮﻗﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﯿﻤﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﮐﺸﺖ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ PARP ﻫﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪ Phytophthora ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ دو ﮔﺮوه ﺟﺪاﯾﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ، ﮔﺮوه اول از ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Phytophthora pistaciae ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ 62/5% و ﮔﺮوه دوم ﺗﺤﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ P. nicotianae ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ 37/5% ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻪزﻧﯽ ﻣﯿﻮه ﮔﻼﺑﯽ ﻧﺎرس، ﻣﯿﻮه ﺳﯿﺐ، ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و ﻣﺎﯾﻪ زﻧﯽ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ ﻧﻬﺎل ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﯿﺪ. اﯾﻦ اوﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺰارش از وﻗﻮع ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﮔﻤﻮز ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا از اﺳﺘﺎن ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺎن و ﺑﻠﻮﭼﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ

Pistachio is the most important commercial product in Iran and root and crown rot (gummosis) is the most serious diseases of this crop. Causal agents of the disease were unknown in Sistan -va- Baluchistan province where 7000 ha are under cultivation of pistachio. During 2 years, thirty pistachio orchards including pistachio trees of different ages were inspected throughout different seasons. Eight Phytophthora isolates were isolated using citrus leaves pieces as baits on water-saturated soils collected from around the infected trees and cultured on PARP medium. Some isolates were isolated culturing the surface disinfected tissues of root and crown of infected trees directly on PARP as the semi-selective medium too. Two groups of isolates were obtained. Based on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the Sistan -va- Bluchistan pistachio isolates, the first group of isolates was identified as Phytophthora pistaciae and the second group identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. The two Phytophthora species were found pathogens using unripe pear and apple fruit inoculation method, detached pistachio twigs inoculation method and artificial inoculation of the crown area with a plug of cultured isolate medium. This is the first report of incidence of pistachio tree gummosis and its causal agents from Sistan -va- Baluchistan province.