اتنوبوتاني و تعيين جذابيت گياهان مورد استفاده زنبورعسل در عرصه هاي مرتعي- جنگلي توسكستان- استان گلستان

Ethnobotany and Determination of Plant Attractiveness for Bees in the Rangeland and Forest Areas of Touskestan-Golestan Province

ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺮورش زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﻣﺮدم در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داﻧﺶ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ زﻧﺒﻮرداران درﺑﺎره ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻃﺮاف ﺷﺎن در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮگ اﯾﻦ اﻓﺮاد، اﯾﻦ داﻧﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﮑﺘﻮب ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺎﺑﻮد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺮدم )اﺗﻨﻮﺑﻮﺗﺎﻧﯽ( از ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬاﺑﯿﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه زﻧﺒﻮرداران در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ- ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﮑﺴﺘﺎن در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف، ﭘﺲ از ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬاﺑﯿﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ از 10 زﻧﺒﻮردار ﺑﺎ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و داﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺒﻮرداران ﺟﻤﻊ آوري، ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺳﺎزي و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت 45 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ از 22 ﺗﯿﺮه ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، دو ﺗﯿﺮه Labiatae و Compositae از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﺮه ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺮم روﯾﺸﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ )51/11 درﺻﺪ(، ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻋﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ و ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﮔﺮده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )46/67 درﺻﺪ(، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎن دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ و ﮔﺮده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ و ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﮔﺮده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ وﺳﯿﻠﻪ زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﮐﻼﺳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه زﻧﺒﻮرداران، ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ 31/11 درﺻﺪ، در ﮐﻼس ﺧﻮب ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻬﺪ و ﻫﻢ ﮔﺮده ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬاﺑﯿﺖ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي زﻧﺒﻮر، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ زﻧﺒﻮرﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان و ﻧﻮع ﻋﺴﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ در ﻃﻮل دوره ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﻣﺮﺗﻊ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ زﻧﺒﻮردار ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﺪ در زﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﻨﺪوﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺣﺮﮐﺖ داده و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ آوردن ﺻﺮف ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ در ﭘﺮورش زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﮑﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ، ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد.

Use of indigenous knowledge and experimental of beekeepers about plants and surroundings has an important role. Because beekeeping is one of the strategies to secure livelihoods in rural areas. So that by dead of these people, indigenous knowledge will destroyed quickly. Research between plants and ethnobotany is one of exciting and most important items to searching. This study is aimed to identification of plants by used bees and determination of plant attractiveness usable for bees at Rangeland and forest areas of Toskestan (Golestan Province). For this reason, collected information of plant attractiveness by questionary. selec‎t 10 beekeepers randomly. By preparing documentation analysis was started. 45 families of plants from 22 order was identified. The results were showed that Labiatae and Compositae are one of most important plants which are used by bees. Also, the most life form of plants for bees (51.11%) was forbs. The results were indicated that bees were using both of plants that produce pollen and nectar (46.67%). In the same way, number of plants that generator of both, more than number of plants which generator only pollen or nectar. Classification of plants in the view of beekeepers, were confirmed that the most plants were at good class with 31.11 percent. Therefore, identification of plants and determination of attractiveness for bees can be play important role in management of bees' yard and kind of production of honey.