راهكارهاي اصلاح درون در اخلاق توحيدي

Internal Reform Strategies in Monotheistic Ethics

رويكرد غالب در دانش اخلاق، توجه به رفتار و عمل فاعل اخلاقي است و نيات و روحيات دروني اهميت چنداني ندارد؛ در مقابل رويكردي وجود دارد كه در آن روحيات دروني و نياتِ شخص، مبنا قرار گرفته و نقش اعمال در گام بعدي و از حيث تأثيرات آن بر درون اهميت پيدا ميكند. اين رويكرد، نگرشي توحيدي به اخلاق است كه در آموزهها و تربيت اسلامي تبيين شده است. در اين تحقيق ابتدا تفاوت اخلاق توحيدي و غيرتوحيدي بررسي و سپس راهكارهاي اسلاميِ اصلاحِ درون تبيين شده است؛ اين راهكارها به طور كلي به سه قسم منقسم مي‌شوند: علم و آگاهي، افعال جوانحي يا قلبي، و افعال جوارحي يا بيروني؛ افعال جوانحي نيز به اخلاص يا قصد قربت و تذكر و يادآوري؛ و افعال جوارحي به افعال تعبدي، توصلي و افعال تأثيرگذار مستقيم تقسيم مي‌شوند. از نتايج اين پژوهش آنكه: محور اخلاق و تربيت اسلامي مبتني بر اصلاح درون است؛ پرداختن به افعال جوارحي نيز طريقي براي اصلاح درون بوده و به تنهايي موضوعيتي ندارد؛ لذا رفتار نيكو بدون اصلاح درون گاهي بي‌ارزش و گاهي ضد ارزش خواهد بود.

Two basic and macro approaches in relation to ethics can be mentioned, so that in the first approach, which is an ungodly and materialistic approach, attitudes and actions are considered without paying attention to inner intentions and spirits, but in the second approach, which is a divine and heresy approach. The inner spirits and intentions are the basis and the role of actions in the next step and in terms of its effects on the inside is considered. Based on the monotheistic view that seeks inner reform, in Islamic ethics and education, strategies for inner reform have been explained. In this research, first, the differences between monotheistic and non-monotheistic ethics approaches are dealt with, and then the Islamic strategies of internal reform are discussed in such a way that the strategies of behavior change and the strategies of internal change are examined. These strategies are generally divided into three types, which include science and awareness; It becomes verbal or cardiac verbs and external or external verbs. The verbal acts themselves are divided into sincerity or intention of closeness and remembrance, and the verbal verbs are divided into devotional, temporal and directly influential verbs. Among the results of the research is that the axis of Islamic ethics and education is based on internal correction and dealing with the actions of the jurists is a way to internal correction and is not relevant alone, so that good behavior without internal correction will sometimes be worthless and sometimes anti-value.