مخاطرات طبيعي و جابجايي سكونتگاهي روستايي: بسترها و پيامدها در روستاي بلوچ آباد

Natural disasters and rural displacement: contexts and consequences in Balouch Abad village

سالانه تعدادي از سكونتگاه ­هاي روستايي تحت تأثير مخاطرات طبيعي و يا عوامل انساني دستخوش تغيير مي­شوند؛ به­طوري كه ادامۀ حيات در اين سكونتگاه ­ها مخاطره ­آميز بوده و حتي در برخي موارد ناممكن است. بدين ترتيب برنامه­ هاي جابجايي در قالب ترك مكان اوليه و ايجاد سكونتگاه ­هاي جديد در مكان ديگري مورد توجه برنامه ­ريزان و مديران قرار مي­گيرد. اين برنامه­ ها غالباً بدون پيامد نبوده و ابعاد مختلف زندگي ساكنين را تحت تأثير قرار مي­دهند. شناسايي اين پيامدها مي­تواند تجارب و شواهد كافي براي مديريت ساير پروژه ­هاي جابجايي فراهم نمايد. بر اين اساس، مطالعۀ حاضر با تمركز بر جابجايي سكونتگاهي در روستاي بلوچ ­آباد درصدد است تا با كشف بسترهاي جابجايي و تبيين ادراك ساكنين از علل جابجايي، پيامدهاي ناشي از آن را شناسايي نمايد. اين مطالعه به شيوۀ قوم ­نگاري هدايت شد و براي جمع­ آوري داده­ها از تكنيك­هاي مصاحبۀ عميق، مشاهدۀ غيرمشاركتي و گروه كانوني استفاده گرديد. مشاركت­كنندگان شامل ساكنين روستاي بلوچ ­آباد بودند كه به ­صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه پيامدهاي جابجايي در ابعاد فيزيكي ـ كالبدي، اجتماعي و اقتصادي رخ داده و اين پيامدها از يكديگر مستقل نيستند. پيامدهاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي ريشه در ساختارهاي فيزيكي ـ كالبدي مساكن دارند و نيز پيامدهاي اجتماعي علاوه بر آنكه از جنبه ­هاي فيزيكي ـ كالبدي نشأت مي­گيرند، ريشه در پيامدهاي اقتصادي دارند. به ­طور كلي، بر مبناي نتايج مي­توان استنباط نمود كه ساختارهاي فيزيكي ـ كالبدي آغازي براي رخداد ساير پيامدهاي جابجايي به شمار مي­روند.

Every year, a number of rural settlements are affected by natural disasters or human factors, in such a way that life in these settlements is dangerous, and even, in some cases impossible. Thus, displacement programs in the form of leaving the main settlement and creating new settlements in another place will be considered by planners and managers. These programs are not without consequences and affect different aspects of the residentschr('39') lives. Identifying these consequences can provide sufficient experience and evidence for managing other displacement projects. Accordingly, the current study focuses on displacement phenomenon in Balouch Abad village in order to identify the consequences of displacement by discovering the contexts of displacement and explaining the residentschr('39') perception about the causes of this phenomenon. In general, empirical literature on the topic shows that the consequences of displacement, both positive and negative, occur in all dimensions of human life, and that a change in any dimension can change other aspects of the life of the target community. Investigating all dimensions of displacement has been considered in a few studies, in which less attention has been paid to the existing contexts, perceptions and planning and management structures. Therefore, this study contributes to the relevant literature by querying these contexts and providing solutions for displacement programs in the future. The aim of this study is to understand the perception of the residents of Baloch Abad village about the causes and consequences of residential displacement using a critical ethnographic approach. This approach is suitable for studying phenomena such as residential relocation, which are the result of the decisions of the planning system and in most cases is faced with the unwillingness and lack of interest of stakeholders (residents). In fact, the critical ethnographic approach seeks to examine inequality, conflict, and power in a subculture. Thus, the process of displacement due to integration with a kind of conflict between residents’ willingness and the planning system, can be well explained using this approach. Data was collected using in-depth interviewing, non-participant observation, and focus group techniques. The experience of displacement in Balouch Abad village indicated that the consequences of displacement do not occur independently and are correlated with each other. In other words, the negative consequences in terms of social and economic are rooted in the physical- consequences, and on the other hand, the social consequences are also rooted in economic consequences. On this basis, the lack of attention to the proportion of housing based on social relations has been the prelude to occur other negative consequences. The mismatch between the structure and size of dwellings and their occupational requirements (animal husbandry) has led to the collapse of subsistence foundations. Evidence also showed that maintaining neighborly relations in the village was influenced by the physical structure and system of land transfer. As a result, it can be stated that the various consequences of residential displacement can occur through planning and physical management. This study is based solely on the evidence, contexts and perceptions of key stakeholders who are residents of Balouch Abad village; however, the part of the challenges of displacement in this village is due to managerial actions that were not considered in this study. Therefore, it seems that mere focus on the view of stakeholders is one of the main limitations of this study, which is necessary to pay attention to this limitation. In this regard, it has been tried to provide sufficient evidence on manures of management the displacement process through the technique of triangulation. Future studies may take into account the views of both experts and stakeholders at the same time.