اثر نانوذرات اكسيدآلومينيوم بر اسپورزايي و تكوين گامتوفيت در لوبيا(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticle on sporogenesis and gametophyte development in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L

ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻠﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ذره اﻛﺴﻴﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ، ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ، ﭘﺮﭼﻢ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده در ﮔﻴﺎه ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻤﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن، ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ذره اﻛﺴﻴﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم 001/0، 01/0 و 1/0 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ( ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﮔﻞﻫﺎ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ، آﺑﮕﻴﺮي و ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻮم ﺑﺮﺷﮕﻴﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي ﺑﺮشﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ اﺋﻮزﻳﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ و ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﻧﻮري ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻋﻜﺴﺒﺮداري ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺰارﺷﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﻮد. ﺗﺨﻤﻚ از ﻧﻮع واژﮔﻮن، ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ از ﺗﻴﭗ ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻮم(، آراﻳﺶ ﺗﺘﺮاد ﻣﮕﺎﺳﭙﻮر اﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت T ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮد. ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﺮﭼﻤﻬﺎ 10 ﻋﺪد، ﺑﺴﺎك از ﻧﻮع ﭼﻬﺎر ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﮔﺮده اي، ﻻﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﭘﻲ در اﺑﺘﺪا از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ و در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ از ﻧﻮع ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮدﻳﺎل، آراﻳﺶ ﺗﺘﺮادﻫﺎ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺘﺮاﻫﺪرال ﺑﻮد. داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده ﮔﺮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي ﺗﻴﻤﺎري ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ و ﻛﻴﺴﻪ روﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ در ﭘﺮﭼﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ زﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي داﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ اﻧﺘﻴﻦ، ﺑﻲ ﻧﻈﻤﻲ در آراﻳﺶ ﺗﺘﺮادﻫﺎ و ﺑﻲ ﻧﻈﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري داﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده، ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﺛﺮات ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻧﻮذره اﻛﺴﻴﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.

The purpose of the study was to determine the exact developmental stages of reproductive organs and to compare the effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on different ovule development and pollen grains in bean plant as one of the main sources of food in the world. Bean plants were cultured in greenhouse conditions and treated with aluminum oxide nanoparticles in different concentrations (0.1, 0.01, 0.001 g/l). Flowers and buds were collected, in different sizes, and fixed in a FAA, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and sliced with a rotary microtome. The staining was carried out using Hematoxylin-Eosin. Developmental stages of ovule and pollen grains were studied and compared in control plants and experimental plants. The results showed that in control plants, different developmental stages of ovule and pollen grains were followed as the prior reports. Ovule was anatropous, embryo sac is of polygonum type, tetrad arrangement is often linear and T-shaped some times. Anther was tetrasporangiate, tetrad arrangement was tetrahedral, tapetum was of secretory type at beginning, and plasmodial at the late developmental stages. Pollen grains were spherical to ovular shaped. Results showed that the treatments were not effective in the development of ovule, but cause to decrease bioavailability and increased thickness of the intine layer in pollen grains. Irregularities in tetrad microspores and structure of pollen grains are some effects of treatment by aluminum oxide nanoparticles.