چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: In every language, there are some constructions where two
constituents are put together to form a lexical item. These constructions are
called binomials. In this term, “ nomi” ( which means “name”) can refer to
names, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and conjunctions. These constructions can
be just the repetition of the same word, like “davan davan”, or can be
reduplication, like “ketab metab” which has a phonological motivation. They
can be onomatopoeia, like “tick-tack” or can be of a kind where there is a
just a semantic motivation, like “jang and solh”. But terminologically,
binomials refer to the sequence of two words pertaining to the same formclass,
and ordinarily connected by some kind of lexical link. One point in
binomials relates to the order of constituents and which factors or constraints
determine their order. In this regard, there is a model called Constraints’
Model (2014). The model has some constraints which determines the order
of constituents in binomials.
Purpose: The paper aims to investigate Persian binomials based on
Constraints’ Model.
Study questions: In this regard, the study questions are:
1-To how extent the order of constituents in Persian binomials can be
determined based on semantic-pragmatic constraints, non-metricalphonological
constraints, metrical-phonological constraints, and frequency and alphabetic order constraints which are mentioned in Constraints’ Model?
2- To how extent Constraints’ Model can be a criterion to determine the
order of constituents in Persian binomials?
3-For those Persian binomials whose orders can’t be determined using
Constraints’ Model, what constraints can be defined?
Methodology: The research is done using Constraints’ Model. The data
were extracted from twenty Persian novel, the newspapers “Hamshahri” and
“Iran” in a one year period, Persian dictionary and web. From the corpus,
1957 binomials were extracted, many of which were ignored because they
were in the groups “repetition” and “reduplication”. Finally there were 593
reversible and irreversible binomials. To do the research, all these 593
binomials were divided into two groups “reversible” and “irreversible”. To
determine the (ir) -reversibility of Persian binomials, Persian Language Data
Base (Bijankhan Corpus) was used, so following Mollin’s method (2013),
the binomials appearing just in one order were considered irreversible and
the ones appearing in both orders were considered reversible. For reversible
binomials, it was attempted to find their preferred order. To find the
preferred order of reversible binomials, the researcher referred to the
frequency in Persian Language Data Base and web and the frequency
number of both order were found. If the frequency occurrence of one order
was significantly higher than the other order, that order was considered as
the preferred order, but if the frequency occurrence of two different orders in
one binomial wasn’t different significantly, that binomial was removed from
research, because there wasn’t any preferred order which can be determined
by Constraints’ Model. Then the irreversible binomials and reversible
binomials with a preferred order were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Analysis: Analysis of research data, considering the occurrence order of
binomials in Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) and web
showed that among 593 binomials, 534 ones were irreversible and 59 ones
were reversible. The 534 irreversible binomials were analyzed using
Constraints’ Model.
Conclusion: Data analysis showed that among 534 irreversible binomials, Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 520 binomials
(97/3), but in research corpus, there were 11 binomials (2/7) whose order
can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model. The analysis results for
reversible binomials showed that among 45 reversible binomials (with a
preferred order), Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 44 binomials
(97/7), but there were one reversible binomial (2/3) which couldn’t be
explained Constraints’ Model.
To answer the first question of the research, we can say that Constraints’
Model has determined the order of 97/4 of binomials (both irreversible
binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order) in Persian. So it is
concluded that Constraints’ Model is suitable to determine the order of
constituents in Persian binomials.
But for those Persian binomials whose order can’t be determined using
Constraints’ Model, some constraints were proposed which are: dominance
principle, initial sonority of second syllable principle, unstressed vowel
length principle, analogy principle, importance principle, coda’s initial
sonority principle.
