پديد آورندگان :
رباطي، مهسا دانشگاه تهران (پرديس فارابي) - دانشكدۀ حقوق , محسني، سعيد دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكدۀ حقوق و علوم سياسي - گروه حقوق , قبولي درافشان، محمدمهدي دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد - دانشكدۀ حقوق و علوم سياسي - گروه حقوق
كليدواژه :
عدم قابليت استناد , ضمانت اجراي حمايتي , حسن نيت , اشخاص ثالث , آثار غيرمستقيم
چكيده فارسي :
استنادناپذيري وضعيتي حقوقي در كنار وضعيت‌هاي صحت، بطلان و عدم نفوذ است كه ريشۀ آن به حقوق فرانسه بازمي‌گردد. اين نهاد فرانسوي كه در ايران بيشتر در حقوق تجارت بازتاب يافته، مصاديق متعددي را در اين حوزه به خود اختصاص داده است. اين درحالي است كه نه‌تنها مفهوم بلكه مصاديق، شرايط و آثار آن نيز در حقوق داخلي مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. اين پژوهش در صدد است با نگاه به خاستگاه اين نهاد، يعني حقوق فرانسه، ضمن تبيين مختصر مفهوم استنادناپذيري، در گام نخست به واكاوي مصاديق متعدد اين نهاد حقوقي در قلمرو حقوق تجارت بپردازد و با تكيه بر ويژگي‌هاي مشترك ميان مصاديق استقراشده، آن‌ها را در دسته‌هاي مشخصي طبقه‌بندي كند. اين طبقه‌بندي بي‌شك مي‌تواند با برجسته كردن قواعد مشترك هر دسته، دستيابي به قواعد عمومي حاكم بر نهاد استنادناپذيري را تسهيل نمايد. از‌اين‌رو گام بعدي استخراج و استنباط قواعد عمومي حاكم بر مجموع مصاديق استنادناپذيري است كه در قالب پاسخ به پرسش‌هاي زير اين هدف دنبال شده است: چه كسي در برابر چه كسي و چگونه مي‌تواند از وضعيت استنادناپذيري استفاده كند، چه آثاري به دنبال دارد و چگونه زوال مي‌يابد؟
كليدواژه‌ها
چكيده لاتين :
“Inopposability” is a situation contrary to the principle and exception to "opposability" whereby the indirect effect of the legal element is disappeared against third parties, meaning that third parties obtain the right to reject and ignore the inopposable legal element. In the scope of Iranian commercial law, there are numerous examples in which "inopposability" is mentioned. In spite of these many instances, it is unclear who, against whom, and how can take advantage of the inopposability, what are the effects of inopposability and how is this situation disappeared. In general, it can be said that the general rules governing inopposability in Iranian law have been ignored.
To answer the above questions and provide general rules of inopposability in commercial law, we should start with the examples of inopposability and then classify them. Numerous examples of this notion in commercial law, can be categorized, based on the legislator's intent to establish the inopposability, to inopposability due to non-disclosure, inopposability due to defect in form, inopposability due to clandestinity, inopposability of nullity and inopposability with the aim of maximizing third party protection.
In order to analyze the general rules of inopposability, in answering the question of who is in favor of the inopposability situation, it should be said that the beneficiaries of inopposability are third parties affected by the legal element, that the legislator grants them the right to choose or right to criticize such a legal element and in principle their "goodwill" is a condition for using it. In answering the question of against who this legal situation is opposable, it should be said that inopposability is opposable before everyone, either to the direct or third parties in such a way that in the assumption of conflict of interest between third parties beneficiaries of inopposability and other third parties, the interest of first persons must be prioritized. In examining how to use this legal situation, it can be said that interested third parties can suffice to present their right in the form of objection. That is, if the third party is the defendant of litigation, it is sufficient to refuse the action brought against himself and, if the third party is the plaintiff of litigation, it is sufficient to refuse the objection due to the opposability of legal element with inopposability.
