شگردهاي قصر در اشعار حافظ، معيار ساختار زبان و بلاغت فارسي

Palace's Techniques in Hafez's Poems, the Criterion for Persian Language and Structure

ﺗﺮدﯾﺪي ﻧﯿﺴﺖ در اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان ﺑﺰرگ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﭼﻮن ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ، ﺳﻌﺪي، ﺣﺎﻓﻆ، ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ و... ﻣﻌﻤﺎر، ﻣﻌﯿﺎر، ﻣﺤﮏ و ﺣﺎﻓﻆ زﺑﺎن و ﻫﻮﯾﺖ زﺑﺎن و ﺑﻼﻏﺖ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن و ﺑﻼﻏﺖ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﯿﺮازي اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻌﺮ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن از روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﮑﺘﻮب ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺼﺮ اﯾﺠﺎدﺷﺪه در ﮐﻼم ﺣﺎﻓﻆ درﯾﺎﺑﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﭼﻪ روش-ﻫﺎﯾﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﺼﺮ در ﮐﻼم وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻼﻏﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺿﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج و دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮارد ﺣﺼﺮ و اراﺋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻟﻄﻒ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮي از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﺷﺎرات ﻗﺼﺮ در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺑﻼﻏﺖ ﻗﺼﺮ در زﺑﺎن ﻋﺮﺑﻲ، ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﺎص زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ درﺣﺎﻟﻲﮐﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت در ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﮐﻼم دارﻧﺪ. ﺿﻤﻦ اﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﻣﻮارد دﯾﮕﺮي ﻧﯿﺰ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮردﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ وﻫﻢ ﮐﻤﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮازﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺘﻮن ادب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﺻﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دادهﻫﺎ، اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮐﻼم ﻫﻨﺮي از اﯾﻦ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺣﺎﻓﻆ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻧﺤﻮي- ﺑﻼﻏﻲ ﮔﺰﯾﺪهاي از اﺷﻌﺎرش، ﺳﺎﻣﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؛ ﺿﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج و دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮارد ﺣﺼﺮ و اراﺋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر زﺑﺎن و ﺑﻼﻏﺖ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ و ﻟﻄﻒ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮي از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺎﻓﻆ از واژه ﻫﺎي ﺣﺼﺮ ﻫﻢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻧﻘﺪ ادﺑﻲ ﻋﺎدي ﺗﺮ و ﮐﻢ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺷﻮد،اﻣﺎ ادﺑﯿﺎت ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻓﺮا ﻫﻨﺠﺎري ﻫﺎ و ﮔﺮﯾﺰ از ﻫﻨﺠﺎرﻫﺎﺳﺖ، ﺳﺨﻦ ﺷﻨﺎس و اﺳﺘﺎدي ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﺘﻲ از اﯾﻦ اﻟﮕﻮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه اي ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ از ﻟﻄﻒ ﮐﻼم ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ

There is no doubt that great Persian poets such as Ferdowsi, Saadi, Hafez and Nezami are the architect, criterion, acid test and preserver of language, language identity and Persian eloquence. One of the cornerstones of Persian language and eloquence is Hafez Shirazi. Hafez’s poems have been studied and analyzed from different approaches. In the present study attempt has been made to examine the imposed restriction in Hafez’s speech and understand what methods exist in Persian language for creating restriction in speech to be worthy of attention as far as art's esthetics approach, eloquence and applied semantics are concerned. To do so, while extracting and categorizing restrictive cases and providing generalizable rulesare dealt, various issues have been conducted Hafez’s art and as enjoying the above linguistic techniques. Mentioning palaces in Persian language have been made more with yardstick of palace's eloquence in Arabic language without attention to Persian language specific structure whereas they have different structures in speech's highlighting. Furthermore, other cases also exist that have not been paid attention to. In the present study which has been carried out using descriptive analysis and quantitative and qualitative design aiming at attaining yardsticks and criteria for analyzing Persian literary texts in semantics approach. Therefore attempts have been made while examining the way comparing the principles in semantics with Persian language structure through data analysis, offering a model for artistic speech assessment is developed. To do so, following studying and examining Hafez’s sonnets and analyzing eloquence-syntax structure, some selections of his poems have been organized. Hafez uses restriction words constantly even though it may be regarded more ordinary and less importance in view point of literary criticism but in literature which is the arena for meta norms and escaping the norms, a master and rhetorician as Hafez even has enjoyed the above technique in a way that has not impaired speech. Therefore, the analysis of Hafez's poems from the point of view of semantics, especially bound and restriction, can be the grammatical and linguistic basis in Persian rhetoric.