برساخت اجتماعي پديدة كولبري در مناطق مرزي غرب ايران (واكاوي زيست جهان انتقادي كنشگران محلي در شهرستان بانه)

Social construction of Kolbari phenomenon In the Border Areas of Western Iran (Exploring the Critical Life World of Local Activists in Baneh County)

در ﭼﻨﺪ دﻫﮥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ، ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻏﻠﺒﮥ اﯾﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﮥ رﺷﺪﻣﺤﻮر و ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺌﻮﻟﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺴﺘﯽ، دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ از ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزﺗﻮزﯾﻌﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮده و ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از ﺗﻬﯽ دﺳﺘﺎنِ ﻃﺮدﺷﺪه را ﻓﺮوﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. در اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ، ﺑﻪ اﻗﺘﻀﺎي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺌﻮﻟﯿﺒﺮال و ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ-اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي دوﻟﺖ، ﻓﻘﺮ، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ اي و ﻣﺮزي، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ازآﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﮐﻮﻟﺒﺮي ﻣﺼﺪاق ﻓﻘﺮ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮزي اﺳﺖ و ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯽ در ﺑﺎب دﻻﯾﻞ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي آن ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻗﻮم ﻧﮕﺎري اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه، ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎن اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻣﺮزي، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﻣﻮردِﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﻣﺮزﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎن ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ و ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻓﯽ 25 ﻧﻔﺮ از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻄﻠﻊ و درﮔﯿﺮ در ﭘﺪﯾﺪة ﮐﻮﻟﺒﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر و ﮐﺪﮔﺬاري ﺑﺎز و ﻣﺤﻮري، در دو ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﮥ ﮐﻮﻟﺒﺮي و ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﯾﺎن، 52 ﻋﺒﺎرت، 32 ﻣﻔﻬﻮم و 7 ﻣﻘﻮﻟﮥ ﻣﺤﻮري ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮح ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ: ﻓﻘﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻧﺒﻮد ﻣﻨﺒﻊ درآﻣﺪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ؛ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري؛ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺿﻌﻒ اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ، ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي؛ ﺑﺎزﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺟﺒﺮي ﻣﺮز؛ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ دوﻟﺖ در ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از ﻓﻘﺮا؛ راﯾﺞ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ داري راﻧﺘﯿﺮ در ﻧﺒﻮد ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ داري ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ؛ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻃﺮد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ. ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﮥ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ، ﭘﺪﯾﺪة ﮐﻮﻟﺒﺮي ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺮزﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎن ﻏﺮب ﻮر ﻧﺒﻮده، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﮥ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

In the past few decades, governments have ignored their redistributive functions due to growth oriented development ideology and neoliberal system and have quitted support of rejected poor people. In Iran, poverty has increased especially in the marginal and border areas, due to the neoliberal system and the political-economic centralism of the government. Since the Kolbari indicates poverty in border areas and so far no comprehensive research has been done about the causes of its formation. In this research, using critical ethnography method and considering the critical biosphere of border activists, we have addressed the causes of this phenomenon. The Research Society of this study consists of 25 informed people involved in the Kolbari phenomenon in the border city of Baneh that was selected by purposive sampling and Snowball method. The findings are expressed in both descriptive and analytical levels by Context-Based Analysis and Open and Central Coding. At the descriptive level, Kolbari's history and its various forms are discussed and at the analytical level, according to the respondents, 52 phrases, 32 concepts and 7 central categories have been obtained as follows: Economic poverty and lack of alternative sources of income, Feeling of structural discrimination, environmental constraint and the weakness of industrial employment, agriculture and tourism, construction of border, the withdrawal of government support for the poor, rental capitalism in the absence of industrial capitalism, Feeling of economic and cultural exclusion. According to the final finding, the Kolbari phenomenon is not the result of border residents' selection in the west of the country, but is formed by the mentioned factors