سير و تطّور اصطلاح عرفاني صبر از ابتدا تا اواخر قرن هشتم

The development and evolution of the mystical term “patience” from the beginning to the end of the eighth century

ﺑﺎ آﻧﮑﻪ اﺻﻄﻼح »ﺻﺒﺮ« از ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ زﯾﺮﺑﻨﺎﯾﯽ و اﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﺻﻮﻓﯿﺎن در ﺳﯿﺮ و ﺳﻠﻮك اﺳﺖ. درﺑﺎره ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ و دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ آن از ﻗﺮون اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮن ﻫﺸﺘﻢ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻧﻈﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. و ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎرف ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ و ﺗﻠﻘﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ي ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮد ،ﻣﻔﻬﻮم وﯾﮋه اي از ﺻﺒﺮ و اﻧﻮاع و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه آن را درﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. از ﺻﺪر اﺳﻼم ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﯾﺎت ﺷﺮﯾﻔﻪ ي ﻗﺮآن ﻣﺠﯿﺪ و اﺣﺎدﯾﺚ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ )ص( ،واژه» ﺻﺒﺮ« وارد ﺣﻮزه ﻋﺮﻓﺎن ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ، ﺷﺎخ و ﺑﺮگ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي ﯾﺎﻓﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ و وﯾﮋه اي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺘﺼﻮﻓﻪ ﻣﺼﺪاق و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ و ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ از اﯾﻦ اﺻﻄﻼح را اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ از رﻫﮕﺬرﮔﺰارش اﻗﻮال ﻣﺸﺎﯾﺦ ﺻﻮﻓﯿﻪ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ، ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ، ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ، ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ، ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ و دﺷﻮارﺗﺮﯾﻦ ،ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻄﻼح ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ ﺻﺒﺮ را از ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺻﻮﻓﯿﻪ ﺗﺎ اواﺧﺮ ﻗﺮن ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﯿﺮ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ.

Although the term “patience” is one of the basic and fundamental concepts of Sufis in their conduct, there has been no consensus on its definition, classification and examples, from the early centuries to the eighth century. an‎d each mystic, according to his own experience, perception and study, has understood and presented a special concept of patience, its types and its status. From the beginning of Islam, due to the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the word “patience” entered the field of mysticism and gradually developed greatly and became a unique and special term. Sufis have provided various examples, concepts, and classifications of this term. This study - through the report of the sayings of the elders of Sufism - intends to show the transformation, consolidation, definition, division, results, similarity, best and most difficult, position and signs of the mystical term “patience” from the oldest Sufi texts to the end of the eighth century based on the historical course