نقد عقيده اخباريان با قواعد برآمده از روايات تفسير عصري

Criticizing the beliefs of the Akhbārīs by means of rules inferred from traditions of modern exegesis

برخي عالمان شيعي - كه به اخباريان معروفاند - عقايد مختلفي درباره آيات و روايات دارند. يكي از باورهايشان اين است كه منكر حجيت همه آياتاند و استدلال به قرآن را مشروط به در دست داشتن تأييدي از سوي اهل بيت: ميدانند و تفسير قرآن را مخصوص اهل بيت: ميدانند. در رد باور آنها، استدلالها و كتب زيادي نوشته شده است، اما برآيند اين مقاله، يكي از بهترين نقدهاي اين عقيده اخباريان محسوب ميشود. در اين مقاله با تكيه بر روايات تفسير عصري و اثبات عصري بودن آنها، به استخراج قواعد برآمده از آنها پرداخته شده است. اين قواعد عبارتاند از: لزوم پيوند تفسير با قواعد زبانشناختي عربي، لزوم پيوند تفسير با ديگر آيات قرآن، لزوم اعمال قواعد علوم قرآني در تفسير - كه ارجاع متشابهات به محكمات، و لزوم توجه به زمان نزول آيات از جمله مكي و مدني بودن آنها از مصاديق اين قاعده است -، لزوم استفاده از قرينه روايات اهل بيت:، عدم جواز تأويل به مصداق يا ذكر بطون براي آيات و لزوم استفاده از عقل و قوانين عقلي در تفسير. از رهگذر اين قواعد نتيجه ميگيريم كه اهل بيت: به وسيله اشاره به اين قواعد تفسيري، راه را براي تفسير قاعدهمند ديگران نيز بازكرده اند.

Some of the Shī'ī scholars known as Akhbārīs have different beliefs about the Qur'anic verses and the traditions. One of their beliefs is that they deny the authoritativeness of the Qur'anic verses unless a confirmation by the Ahl al-Bayt is available. It is only on this condition that one can demonstrate on the basis of the Qur'an. They believe that only the Ahl al-Bayt can commentate the Qur'an. Numerous arguments have been deployed and many books have been written to refute their beliefs; however, the resultant of this article is considered as one of the best criticisms of this belief of the Ahkbaris. Having relied upon the traditions of modern exegesis (Tafsīr `aṣrī) and proving that they are modern, the rules extracted from them have been investigated. These rules include: necessity of connection of exegesis with linguistical rules of Arabic language, necessity of connection of exegesis with other Qur'anic verses, necessity of exercising the Qur'anic rules in the exegeses, (two instances of which include returning the mutashābihāt or ambiguous verses to the muḥkamāt or decisive verses and the necessity of considering the revelation of verses and that whether they have been revealed in Mecca or Medina), as well as necessity of making use of the traditions quoted from the Ahl al-Bayt as an indication, non-allowance of interpreting a verse as an instance of a rule (al-ta'wīl bi 'l-miṣdāq) or mentioning the esoteric meanings for the verses and finally, the necessity of the intellect and the intellectual rules in the exegesis. It is concluded from these rules that by referring to these interpretative rules, the Ahl al-Bayt have also paved the way for others to provide a systematic commentary.