واكاوي تطور معنا و استعمال اصطلاحات «شاذ» و «منكر» در آثار علماي متقدم و متأخر اماميه

An analysis on the development of the meaning and use of the terms shādhdh and munkar in the works of earlier and later Imāmī scholars

مهمترين رويكرد دانش مصطلح الحديث، جداسازي احاديث معتبر از غير معتبر بوده و در اين زمينه، اصطلاحات خاصي وضع شده كه از جمله آنها، «شاذ» و «منكر»، بيانگر معيوب بودن حديث است. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصيفي- تحليلي و بر مبناي تحليل تعاريف و كاربرد اصطلاحات مذكور در آثار علماي متقدم و متأخر اماميه به دنبال واكاوي تطور معنا و استعمال اصطلاحات مذكور بوده و نتايج زير را ارائه ميدهد: 1. بيشترين كاربرد «شاذ» در روايات فقهي و بيشترين كاربرد «منكر»، در روايات اعتقادي است؛ 2. متأخران بدون دليلي مقبول، قيد «وثاقت راوي» را به تعريف متقدمان از اصطلاح «شاذ»- كه داراي دو قيد «تفرّد در نقل» و «مخالفت با مشهور» بود- اضافه نموده اند؛ 3. اصطلاح «منكر» نزد قدما مربوط به حوزه عقيدتي راوي و ناظر به ذكر رواياتي است كه مباحث اعتقادي را مخالف با آنچه معقول و در نزد ديگران بود، بيان ميداشت، اما متأخران علاوه بر مخالفت با عقل و مشهور، شخصيت راوي و مفرد بودن روايت را نيز در اطلاق «منكر» به حديث، مدنظر داشته اند، ولي هنگام استعمال و نقد روايت به همان شيوه قدما عمل كرده اند.

The major approach of terminology of hadith (muṣṭalaḥ al-ḥadīth) is to distinguish the reliable hadiths from the unreliable ones. In these lines certain terms have been coined among which the terms shādhdh (rare, abnormal) and munkar (objectionable) indicate that such hadiths are flawed. Having applied a descriptive-analytical method and based on analysis of definitions and the application of the above terms in the works of earlier and later Imami scholars, this article analyzes the development of meaning and use of the above terms and concludes: 1) the term shādhdh is mainly used in traditions dealing with jurisprudence and the term munkar is mainly used in traditions dealing with doctrines. 2) later scholars have added – with no plausible reason – the condition of 'reliability of the narrator' (wathāqat al-rāwī) to the earlier scholars' definition for the term shādhdh – which had the two conditions of 'being alone in transmission' (al-tafarrud fi 'l-naql) , and 'opposition with the generally received tradition' (mukhālafat al-mashhūr). 3) the term munkar pertains in the eyes of earlier scholars to the doctrinal realm of the narrator and is applicable to those traditions that mention the doctrinal discussions in contrary to what was reasonable in the eyes of the others. The later scholars, however, have considered the character of the narrator, and that his tradition would be alone, in addition to opposition with the intellect and the generally received traditions, but have acted in accordance with the same method of the earlier scholars in practice and when criticizing the tradition.