كليدواژه :
تنوع , تخصص , اثرات خارجي جكوبز , فرضيه مارشال , اقتصادسنجي فضايي
چكيده فارسي :
بنا به آمار نرخ اشتغال استانها، پراكندگي منطقهاي قابلتوجهي بين مناطق مختلف وجود دارد. با وجود اينكه امروزه رشد اشتغال مناطق، از جنبههاي مختلف بيش از گذشته موردتوجه محققان و سياستگذاران قرارگرفته است، تحقيقات تجربي اندكي درزمينه ارتباط بين تنوع و تخصص R&D و رشد اشتغال مناطق انجامشده است. ازاينرو اين مطالعه به بررسي اثرات فضايي تنوع و تخصص R&D بر رشد اشتغال در استانهاي ايران طي سالهاي 1384 تا 1394 پرداخته است. براي اين منظور ابتدا تنوع و تخصص R&D در استانهاي ايران اندازهگيري و سپس با استفاده از مدل اقتصادسنجي فضايي اثرات اين شاخصها بر رشد اشتغال در استانهاي ايران برآورد شده است. يافتههاي تحقيق نشان ميدهد كه سهم شاغلان بخش خدمات، تخصص و تنوع مرتبط و غير مرتبط تأثير مثبت و معناداري بر رشد اشتغال دارد؛ بهطوريكه تأثير تخصص از تنوع غير مرتبط بيشتر و اثر تنوع غير مرتبط بيش از تنوع مرتبط است. در حقيقت يافتههاي حاصل از اين مطالعه فرضيه جكوبز را براي استانهاي ايران تأييد ميكند. همچنين رابطه بين تخصص اقتصادي و رشد اشتغال بهصورت U معكوس است، كه نشان ميدهد با افزايش تخصص R&D رشد اشتغال استاني افزايشيافته وليكن در سطوح بالاتر، تخصص به كاهش رشد اشتغال ميانجامد؛ به طوري كه بهرهوري افزايشيافته و جايگزين رشد اشتغال ميشود. بهاينترتيب فرضيه مارشال در محدودهاي از شاخص تخصص R&D تأييد ميشود. محاسبه اثرات مستقيم و غيرمستقيم نشان ميدهد كه افزايش تخصص R&D در يك منطقه بر رشد اشتغال همان منطقه تأثير دارد؛ ولي اثر معنيداري بر رشد اشتغال مناطق همجوار ايجاد نميكند. همچنين افزايش شاخص تنوع غير مرتبط در هر منطقه منجر به رشد اشتغال همان منطقه ميشود؛ اما افزايش شاخص تنوع مرتبط در مناطق همسايگي به كاهش رشد اشتغال منطقه ميزبان ميانجامد.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Recently, the role of industrial structure on regional employment has attracted much attention. One of the branches of these studies, focusing on Jacobs (1960), suggests that more diversity of industrial structure leads to employment and protects the areas against the adverse effects of external shocks. Jacobs's hypothesis has been validated experimentally in many studies. These studies provide a positive relationship between regional economic diversification and employment growth. Following the increasing trend of studies related to economic diversity on employment growth, regional employment models have also been focused on considering spatial dependency. In terms of industry structure, the more diverse areas can be benefited from their externalities, while more diversity within a region improves technical innovations and their impacts. According to Iran's provinces' employment rate, we found a significant regional dispersion between different regions. Although regional employment growth has received more attention from scholars and policymakers than ever before, few empirical studies have been conducted on the relationship between R&D specialization and diversification and regional employment growth. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the spatial effects of R&D specialization and diversification on employment growth in the Iranian provinces from 2005 to 2015.
Methodology
For this study, R&D specialization and diversification in Iran's provinces were first measured, and then the spatial effects of each of these variables on the employment growth of Iranian provinces were estimated using an econometric model. According to Chen& et al. (2015), the Gini index has been used to measure the degree of R&D specialization. Following Ocaner et al. (2018), total diversity is measured by total entropy and related and unrelated diversification.
Results and Discussion
Given that this study's spatial unit of choice is based on administrative boundaries rather than economic regions, it might be expected that spillovers would exist from the neighboring region. So a full Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) specified, which takes the form of the following:
(1)
The SDM allows for the observed value of neighboring region employment growth () and other regional characteristics of neighboring regions' employment () to impact a regions’ employment growth rate. The coefficient shows the impact of employment growth in neighboring regions on the employment growth rate of a particular region or, in other words, the spatially lagged dependent variable. (Ocaner et al., 2018)
According to Table 1, the results of the estimation of equation1 showed that employees in the sector of services and relevant or irrelevant specialization and diversification had a significant positive effect on employment growth so that the effect of specialization was more than that of irrelevant diversification and the effect of irrelevant diversification was greater than that of the relevant diversification.