مطالعه تطبيقي تأثير عدم ذكر مدت در خيار شرط بر قرارداد در مذاهب اسلامي

The comparative study of the effect of not mentioning period of time in option of condition for contracting in Islamic religions

خيار شرط در مذاهب عامه و اماميه مورد اتقاق فقهاست و اساس نظر آن‌ها اجماع و سنت است. در خصوص مدت خيار شرط، مذاهب شافعي و حنفي معتقدند كه خيار شرط تا 3 روز و كمتر از آن امكان‌پذير است؛ با اين تفاوت كه در فقه حنفي لازم نيست حتماً مدت خيار متصل به عقد باشد. فقه حنبلي و مالكي معتقدند كه خيار شرط محدود به مدت خاص نيست ولي ميزان آن بايد معلوم باشد. اگر مدت خيار مضبوط نباشد، در فقه حنبلي عقد باطل است ولي در فقه مالكي مدت خيار با توجه به نياز و عادت و نوع مبيع متفاوت و توسط حاكم قابل‌تعيين است. در فقه اماميه نيز مدت خيار شرط بايد معين باشد و در خصوص عدم ذكر مدت 4 نظر وجود دارد: بطلان شرط و عقد، بطلان شرط و صحت عقد، صحت عقد و انصراف شرط به 3 روز، صحت عقد و تعيين مهلت عرفي. در حقوق ايران نيز شرط خيار با توافق طرفين تعيين مي شود، در غير اين صورت به حكم مادۀ 401 قانون مدني شرط خيار و عقد باطل است. محاكم ايران در خصوص يكي از مصايق خيار شرط، يعني شرط انصراف يا فسخ معامله، رويۀ واحدي ندارند. برخي بر بطلان شرط و عقد، برخي بر بطلان شرط و صحت عقد و نيز برخي بر صحت عقد و تعين مدت عرفي نظر داده‌اند و همچنين عده‌اي معتقدند كه شرط مذكور شرط خيار نيست، بلكه نوعي برآورد خسارت بوده كه براي تحكيم معامله است .

The option of condition in the public and Imamieh religions is carried out by the jurisprudents and the basis of their opinions is consensus and tradition. Concerning period of time in option of condition, the Shafi'i and Hanafi religions believe that the option of condition is allowed for up to 3 days and less, and it voided the contract for more than 3 days, and the option of condition is not allowed in Shafi'i's religion, which is unknown, absolute and permanent, but in Hanafi's religion on a permanent o‎r absolute option of condition if it is located within 3 days after the contract is corrected. The Hanbali and Maliki religions believe that the option of condition is not limited to the limit, but the amount should be clear if the length of the option of condition is not in Hanbali's contract, but in Maliki's religion, the duration of the option of condition is The attention to the need, habit, and kindness is different, and can be determined by the ruler. In the Imamiya religion, the cucumber is not a condition but the term must be determined and there are 4 comments regarding the absence of the term (void the condition and the contract, the nullity of the condition and the authenticity of the contract, the correctness of the contract and the cancellation of the condition for 3 days, the correctness of the contract and the deadline In Iran's law, the option of condition is determined by mutual agreement, otherwise the clause of Article 401 of the Civil Code is void of option of condition and the contract is invalid. The judicial procedure of the courts of Iran regarding one of the option of condition means that the condition for cancellation or termination of the transaction is not a single procedure. Some consider the invalidation of the condition and the contract, some emphasize on the invalidity of the contract and the validity of the contract, as well as on the validity of the contract and the determination of the customary period, as well as the number They believe that the condition is not a condition of cucumber, but a kind of damage estimation and also to consolidate the deal.