فرمان سه‌زبانۀ چيني- فارسي- اويغوري در ديوان سلسلۀ مينگ در چين (1386 تا 1616م/ 787 تا 1025ق)

The Persian-Chinese-Uyghur Trilingual Decree at the Court of the Ming Dynasty (1386-1616 AD)

مراودات ايران و چين منحصر به روابط سياسي- اقتصادي نيست. با حملۀ چنگيزخان به چين در اوايل قرن چهاردهم ميلادي و روي كارآمدن سلسلۀ «يوان» (大元Yuan-1271 تا 1368م)، شرايط جديدي براي اقوام غيربومي چين به ‌وجود آمد تا به نظام اداري- ديواني اين كشور وارد شوند. در واقع حاكمان مغولي با به‌كارگيري نيروهاي غيربومي، امكان تداوم حيات سياسي خود را در چين فراهم كردند. يكي از گروه‌هاي بزرگ قومي كه طيّ اين دوره به چين مهاجرت كردند يا كوچ داده شدند، فارسي‌زبانان ساكن ماوراءالنّهر، خراسان و ديگر نقاط ايران بودند. اين مهاجران در امور مختلف اداري و تجاري مشغول شدند و زبان فارسي نيز به‌تدريج به امور اداري و روابط خارجۀ چين راه يافت؛ به عبارت ديگر، زبان فارسي در چين از دو طريق نظام اداري سلسلۀ يوان و گروه‌هاي فارسي‌زبان گسترش يافت و به زبان ميانجي اقوام مسلمان و زبان ديني يكي از گروه‌هاي قومي جديد به نام «هوي‌هوي» (回回hui hui) تبديل شد كه از تبار همان مهاجران فارسي‌زبان بودند. اين كاربرد در نظام اداري چين در دوره سلسلۀ مينـگ (明朝 Ming-1386 تا 1616م/787 تا 1025ق) ادامه يافت و براي ترجمۀ متون فارسي به چيني واحد اداري جديدي در ديوان پادشاه به وجود آمد و اسناد بسياري به زبان فارسي نوشته شد. فرمان سه‌زبانۀ چيني- فارسي- اويغوري كه در اين مقاله معرّفي شده است، يكي از اين اسناد فارسي ديواني است كه خطاب به يكي از بزرگان مسلمان شهر «يانجو» (Yangzhou 扬州) به نام «اميرحاجي» است. اين مقاله ضمن معرّفي پيشينۀ كاربرد زبان فارسي در امور اداري چين، فرمان سه‌زبانۀ موجود در موزۀ اقليّت‌هاي قومي پكن را مورد بررسي، بازخواني و ارزيابي تاريخي قرار مي‌دهد.

Iran-China relations are not limited to political and economic affairs. The invasion of China by Genghis Khan in the early 14th century and the rise of Yuan Dynasty changed the situation for China's non-indigenous ethnics. The ruling Mongols used these immigrants as their administrative agents in China. In fact, the Mongol rulers of China exploited these non-indigenous forces to prolong their political presence in this country. A large ethnic group that migrated (or was forced to migrate) to China during this era was the Persian speakers of Transoxiana, Khorasan, and other parts of Iran. These immigrants were appointed to different administrative and commercial positions by Mongol rulers of China and as a result, Persian language was gradually introduced to Chinese administrative and commercial literature. In other words, the spread of Persian language in China is due to the administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty on the one hand, and the immigration of Persian speakers to China on the other. During this epoch, Persian became the common tongue between Muslim ethnicities and a newly-formed ethnic group called Hui Hui. This new ethnic group was rooted in the community of the Persian speaker immigrants from Transoxiana and other parts of Iran who were settled in China and were absorbed in the Chinese society. The use of Persian in Chinese administrative system continued in the Ming Dynasty era. A new department was even established in the court of the King for translation of Persian texts to Chinese. Consequently, several documents were created in Persian in the administrative branch of the Ming Dynasty, one being the Chinese-Persian-Uighur decree presented in this paper. The decree was issued to a Muslim official, Amίrhāji, in the city of Yangzhou. This study aims to investigate and review this trilingual decree, which is kept in China Cultural Palace of Nationalities in Beijing, and evaluate the historical aspects of its writing in addition to explaining the background of the application of Persian language in Chinese administrative affairs.