نقش اعدادي «قوانين طبيعي» و «دلايل» در تعين پديده‌‌هاي اجتماعي

The Role of "Natural Laws" and "Reasons" in Determining Social Phenomena as a Subsidiary Factor

يكي از مسائل مهم فلسفۀ علوم اجتماعي توضيح رابطۀ رويكرد تبيين‌‌گرايي با تفسيرگرايي در فهم پديده‌‌هاي اجتماعي است كه عموماً در پرتو تمايز ميان علت و دليل بيان مي‌‌شود. تبيين يك پديدۀ اجتماعي توضيح چرايي وقوع آن رويداد براساس علل وقوع است؛ اما هدف در تفسير، فهم عميق يك كنش اجتماعي براساس دلايل و قصد كنشگر است. در اين مقاله، براساس تقريري از ديدگاه متفكران معاصر نوصدرايي دربارۀ تمايز عليت طبيعي و عليت الهي، نشان داده مي‌‌شود كه تمام پديده‌‌هاي عالم طبيعت دچار تعين ناقص هستند و رابط طبيعي اشيا تنها زمينه‌ساز تحقق رويدادهاي طبيعي و انساني است. در حوزۀ پديده‌هاي انساني و اجتماعي نيز ارادهْ علت قريب براي تعين پديده‌‌هاي اجتماعي است، ولي به سبب امكان تخلف اراده از شوق و دلايل برانگيزانندۀ آن، دلايل نيز تنها زمينه‌ساز كنش‌هاي انساني و اجتماعي هستند.

One of the important issues in the philosophy of social sciences is to explain the relationship between the explanation and interpretation in understanding social phenomena; this is generally explained by the distinction between cause and reason. A social explanation is explaining why that event occurs based on the causes of the occurrence, but in interpretation, the goal is a deep understanding of a social action based on the reasons and intent of the actor. In this paper, based on a description of the distinction between natural cause and divine cause, it is shown that all phenomena in the natural world are underdetermined; as a result, the “laws of nature”, which express the natural relations of objects, are the only subsidiary factor for the realization of natural and social events. In the field of social phenomena, the “free will” is the immediate cause of the determination of social phenomena, but due to the possibility of violating the free will from enthusiasm and its motivating reasons, the reasons are the only subsidiary factor for social actions.