شناسايي و بيماري زايي قارچ هاي همراه با گونة گياهي غيربومي سنبل آبي در اكوسيستم هاي تالابي گيلان

Identification and virulence of fungi associated with invasive plant species of water hyacinth in Guilan wetland ecosystems

ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎل 1396-97، از 58 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺟﻤﻊآوريﺷﺪه از ﺳﻪ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺎﻻﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﻼن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ )ﻏﺮب ﮔﯿﻼن(، ﺗﺎﻻب ﮐﯿﺎﮐﻼ )ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﻨﮕﺮود، ﺷﺮق ﮔﯿﻼن( و ﺗﺎﻻب ﻋﯿﻨﮏ )ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن رﺷﺖ( ﮐﻪ داراي ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﮑﻪاي ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﺮگ، دﻣﺒﺮگ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ )Eichhornia crassipes( ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎً 31 ﺟﺪاﯾﻪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Alternaria alternata )48/39 درﺻﺪ(، Curvularia lunata )16/13 درﺻﺪ(، Colletotrichum lindemutianum )6/45 درﺻﺪ(، .Phoma sp )6/45 درﺻﺪ(، Bipolaris victoriae )9/68 درﺻﺪ( و Fusarium semitectum )12/9 درﺻﺪ(،ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ و وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﮔﯿﺎه ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺮگ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه )Detached leaf(، اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻋﮑﺲاﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎ )ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا: 5 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ>، ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزا: 3-5 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ>، ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﮐﻢ: 3 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ<( و ﯾﺎ ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن ﻇﻬﻮر ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﯽ )وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ: 5 روز<، وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ: 5-7 روز، وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ: 7-10 روز، وﯾﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ: 10 روز>(، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ و ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺟﺪاﯾﻪﻫﺎي A. alternate و C. lunata داراي ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان وﻗﻮع و ﺷﺪت ﺑﯿﻤﺎري )ﺳﻄﺢ آﻟﻮده ﺑﺮگ(، روي ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺒﻞ آﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎﻧﯽ زﯾﺎد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ آﻧﻬﺎ روي ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، اﻣﮑﺎنﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

During 2017-18, in order to identifying and comparing of virulence of fungi associated with common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L.), an aquatic and invasive plant, 58 plant samples (leaf, petiole and stem) were collected from wetland ecosystems of Guilan province (northern Iran) and studied in laboratory. A total of 31 fungal isolates with different frequencies including Alternaria alternata (48.39%), Curvularia lunata (16.13%), Colletotrichum lindemutianum (6.45%), Phoma sp. (6.45%), Bipolaris victoriae (9.68%) and Fusarium semitectum (12.9%) were isolated and identified. Pathogenic responses and/or virulence of fungi were rated according to the width of the leaf lesion [(++ >5mm highly pathogenic, +3-5mm pathogenic, -10 d: low virulence]. The results showed that A. alternata and C. lunata were highly virulent to water hyacinth under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. However, the wide host range and non-specific phytopathogenic effects of A. alternata and C. lunata on the economically important plants such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) precluded their use.