نقش نشانگرهاي ژنتيكي در تعين تنوع و حفظ ذخاير ژنتيكي آبزيان

The role of genetic markers in diversity and conservation of marine genetic resources

انواع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ از ﻣﺎرﮐﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﻫﻢاﯾﻨﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺴﺘﺮده در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ آﺑﺰﯾﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. ﻣﺎرﮐﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﺎﺗﻠﺎﯾﺖ )رﯾﺰ ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره(، درزﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﺷﯿﻠﺎت و آﺑﺰيﭘﺮوري ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﯾﻦ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ژنﻫﺎي ﮐﺪﮔﺬاري ﮐﻨﻨﺪة ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﻣﺜﻠﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ، ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﻟﺎﯾﯽ دارﻧﺪ. از ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﯿﮕﻮي ﻣﻮزي Penaus merguiensis در ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﻋﻤﺪة ﺻﯿﺪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﺎﺳﮏ، ﮔﻮاﺗﺮ و ﻫﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺮال اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. از وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﺎﺗﻠﺎﯾﺖﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد آﻟﻞﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ژﻧﯽ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ذﺧﯿﺮة ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻮده و ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ردﯾﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ژﻧﯽ در ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﻣﺤﻘﻘﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎورﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﺎﺗﻠﺎﯾﺖﻫﺎ در آﺷﮑﺎر ﺳﺎزي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ژﻧﯽ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ )آﻟﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﯽﻫﻤﺘﺎ( ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ درون ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ و ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ در ﻣﯿﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﭘﺮورﺷﯽ )درﯾﺎﯾﯽ(، از ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮت اﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎرﮐﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ آﻟﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﯽﻫﻤﺘﺎ ﯾﺎ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﻣﺜﻠﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺳﺎزي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ دورﮔﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي در ﻣﯿﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮزي و ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﻫﻨﺪي در ﺧﻠﯿﺞﻓﺎرس و درﯾﺎي ﻋﻤﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﮕﺮش در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﺎﺗﻠﺎتﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﻣﺜﻠﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و اراﺋﻪ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﺎﺗﻠﺎﯾﺘﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎرﮐﺮﻫﺎي ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع و ﺣﻔﻆ ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺑﺰﯾﺎن ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Microsatellite markers are highly effective in the field of fisheries and aquaculture, to describe genetic reserves, to select reservoirs of breeders, to identify genes encoding of important economic traits and reproductive programs as well. Investigations related to this topic were used in order to study the various populations of banana shrimp Penaus merguiensis in the three major catching areas of this species in Iran including Jask, Goatr, and Hormoz areas. functional features of Microsatellite to be used as a suitable tracker for detecting the gene flow in specific populations. Some researchers believe that the ability of the technique of using microsatellites to detect specific genetic loci for intra-population or between populatin in marine broodstocks is one of the strengths of these markers. These exclusive alleles can be considered in reproductive programs such as broodstocking, as well as hybridization, of banana shrimps ( P. merguiensis ) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This approach to using microsatellites for analyzing genetic variation in reproductive programs as well as studying the isolation and presentation of new microsatellite sites and their application as genetic markers can determine the diversity and preservation of genetic reserves of various species of aquatic organisms