بررسي تطبيقي مرگ و زندگي در اشعار ابوالعلاء معرّي و شوريدۀ شيرازي

Comparative Study of “Death” and “Life” in the Poems of Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri and Shoorideh Shirazi

ﻣﺮگ و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺴـﺎن در ﻃـﻮل ﺳـﺎﻟﯿﺎن دراز ﺑـﻪ واﮐـﺎوي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ وﺟﻮدي اﯾﻦ دو اﻣﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﯽ ﺑﺒﺮد. ﺑـﺪﯾﻬﯽ اﺳـﺖ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﮥ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ذﻫﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان را ﮐﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮدم ﻋﺎدي دارﻧﺪ، درﮔﯿﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و درﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ، در ﻣﯿﺎن ﺷﺎﻋﺮان، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺮگ و زﻧﺪﮔﯽ را دﺳﺘﻤﺎﯾﮥ آﺛﺎر ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﻗﺮار داده اﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮه، دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎ و دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﮑﺮي ﺧﻮد را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آن ﺑﯿﺎن ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﮑﺘﺐ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮۀ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﺑـﻮاﻟﻌﻼء ﻣﻌـﺮّي )449 363 ق(، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻋﺮب زﺑﺎن ﻋﺼﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﯽ، و ﺷﻮرﯾﺪۀ ﺷﯿﺮازي )1274ـ1345(، ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻓﺎرﺳـﯽ زﺑـﺎن ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر درﺑﺎرۀ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﭘﺲ از اﺷـﺎرۀ ﮔـﺬرا ﺑـﻪ زﻧـﺪﮔﯽ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﯿﻨﺎ، ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪي ﻫﺎ و ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي دﯾﺪﮔﺎه آﻧﺎن درﺑﺎرۀ دو ﻣﻀﻤﻮن »ﻣﺮگ« و »زﻧﺪﮔﯽ« ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و واﮐﻨﺶ اﯾﻦ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ و ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه آﻧﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺮ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻬﻢ »ﻣﺮگ« و »زﻧﺪﮔﯽ« در ﭘـﺎره اي از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت رﯾﺸﻪ اي دارد. ﺷﻮرﯾﺪۀ ﺷﯿﺮازي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ را راﻫﯽ ﺑﺮاي رﺳـﯿﺪن ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻌﺎدت اﺑﺪي ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ و از ﻧﻈﺮ وي، ﻣﺮگ ﺷﺮوﻋﯽ دوﺑﺎره اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ اﺑﻮاﻟﻌﻼء ﻣﻌﺮّي در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ وﺣﺸﺖ از آن، زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ را ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎزد و ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﺪﺑﯿﻨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ دارد!

Death” and “life” have always been one of the issues that human beings have had over the years to examine its truth in order to succeed in the philosophy of the existence of these two important things. Death and life have always been one of the issues that humans over the years have been focusing on exploring the truth, so that they can understand the two of these important issues (namely, death and life) in the existential philosophy. Obviously, such an important issue concerns the minds of the poets who are more sensitive to ordinary people and just because of this, among the poets, some of them put the subject of death and life as their own effects to express their thoughts and concerns about it. The present study is a comparative study based on the American school and descriptive-analytic approach to the viewpoint of Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri (973-1057), Arabic poet of the Age of Abbasid, and Shoorideh Shirazi (1897-1926), a Persian poet of the Qajar era on the subject. In this research, after referring briefly to the life of two blind poets, the similarities and uncertainties of their viewpoint about the two themes of "death" and "life" have been examined and the reaction of these two poets and the results of their views on these two issues are expressed. Findings of the research show that the views of both poets on the important issue of "death" and "life" are fundamentally different in some cases. Shoorideh Shirazi believes that life is a way of achieving eternal bliss and happiness and in his view, death is starting again, but Abu al- ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri loses his life in the face of death because of fear, and has a pessimistic view of life.