ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ اي ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي آب در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﻨﺪم (ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻫﻮاز و دﺷﺖ آزادﮔﺎن)

Field Evaluation of Physical and Economical Water Productivity of Wheat (case study in Ahwaz and Dasht-e-Azadegan)

ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب ﮐﺸﻮر و ﻟﺰوم اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ دﻗﯿﻖ آب آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﯽ و ﺑﺎﻏﯽ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ در ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻫﻮاز و دﺷﺖ آزادﮔﺎن در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن، ﺣﺠﻢ آب آﺑﯿﺎري و ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮔﻨـﺪم ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﺠﻢ آب ورودي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻠﻮم ﻫﺎي WSC اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻫـ ﺎي آﺑﯿـﺎري، زﻣﺎن ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ آﺑﯿﺎري و ﺳﻄﺢ آﺑﯿﺎري ﺷﺪه، ﺣﺠﻢ آب آﺑﯿﺎري در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺼﻞ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻨﺪم در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺰرﻋـﻪ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ ﺷـﺪ. ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ آب آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﺰارع اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻫﻮاز و دﺷﺖ آزادﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 4837 و 5605 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﻣﺰارع، ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ آب آﺑﯿﺎري در اﯾﻦ دو ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 1/06 و 0/89 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ. ﺑﻬـﺮه وري اﻗﺘﺼـﺎدي آب آﺑﯿﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻫﻮاز ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﺎﻟﺺ 7456 و ﺑﺮاي دﺷﺖ آزادﮔﺎن اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار 5377 رﯾﺎل ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ آب آﺑﯿﺎري ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، در ﻣﺰارﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي ﭘﻤﭗ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ راهاﻧﺪازي و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﭘﻤﭗ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت آﺑﯿﺎري ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺰارع زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺗﻌﺪاد دﻓﻌﺎت آﺑﯿﺎري ﮐﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده ﺣﺎل آﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮهوري ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ و ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ 15/7، 28/5 و 67/6 درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ.

Limited water resources and the need for better water management indicate the importance of precisely determining the applied water of crops and orchards. In this study, applied irrigation water and physical and economical water productivity of wheat were evaluated in Ahwaz and Dasht-e-Azadegan in Khuzestan province. Discharge of flow was measured in each irrigation event using WSC flumes in the randomly selected farms with blocked-end border irrigation method. Results showed that the average applied water in selected farms in Ahwaz and Dasht-e Azadegan were 4837 and 5605 m3/ha, respectively. According to wheat yield for each studied farm in these two regions, the average of water productivity was 1.06 and 0.89 kg/m3, respectively. Net economic water productivity for Ahwaz and Dasht-e-Azadegan were 4756 and 5377 IRR/m3, respectively. Due to setting up and operating costs of the pump, which increases the cost of irrigation operations in farms equipped with pump stations on river water resources, the number of irrigation rounds and irrigation depth in each irrigation round decreased and increased, respectively, relative to farms irrigation canal water resources. Comparing physical, gross, and net economic water productivity showed 15.7, 28.5, and 67.6 percent increase in pump station farms relative to canal farms.