انطباق مسئوليت مدني و عدالت اجتماعي: توجه به مولفه تقصير عمدي

Adaptation of Civil Liability & Social Justice: Attention to the Component of Intentional Fault

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ: ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﺣﻮزة ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ و ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻨﮑﻪ در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭼﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺟﺎري ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد؟ در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ، ﻫﺪف ﺟﺒـﺮان ﺧﺴـﺎرت و رﻓـﻊ ﺿﺮر از زﯾﺎﻧﺪﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ و در ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان، ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. از اﯾﻦ رو، ﻫﺪف از ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻣﯿـﺰان اﻧﻄﺒـﺎق ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ و ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻨﮑﻪ آﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ؟ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻇﻬﻮر ارزشﻫﺎي ﻧﻮ، ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐـﻪ دﻟﯿـﻞ آن ﺿـﺮورت ﺑﺮﻗـﺮاري ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ در ﺣﻮزه ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ اﺧﻠﺎق اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎم دوران ﻓﻠﺎﺳﻔﻪ، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪاران، ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪاﻧﺎن و ﺳـﺎﯾﺮ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان راه ﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ آن را در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﮐﻨﮑﺎش ﻗﺮار داده اﻧﺪ. ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن، ﻣﮑﺎن و دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ رواﺑﻂ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﮔﺎم در ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺢ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﻮﯾﺶ آﮔﺎﻫﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﺰاوار اﺳﺖ، اﻣﯿﺪوار و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺗﻘﺼـﯿﺮ ﻋﻤـﺪي اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪاﻧﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ ﻣﻌﻨـﻮي ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻘﺼـﯿﺮ ﻋﻤـﺪي و ﻏﯿﺮﻋﻤﺪي، ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﺪي ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺎس آﺛﺎر و اﺣﮑﺎﻣﯽ در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ذوق ﺳﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ آن را اﻧﮑﺎر ﮐﻨـﺪ. از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮات ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﺪي، ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. راﺑﻄﻪ ﺳﺒﺒﯿﺖ رﮐﻦ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ و ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﺮر وارده و ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻋﺮﻓﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ اي وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﯾﮑﻪ اﮔﺮ آن ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ) ﻓﻌﻞ و ﺗﺮك ﻓﻌﻞ ( ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﻮد، ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺿـﺮري ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﻧﻤـﯽ ﺷﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺷﻤﺮد؛ زﯾﺮا ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﯾﺠﺎب ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﮐﺴـﯽ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﺮر ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺮ ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس درﺟﻪ ﺗﻘﺼﯿﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد.

Background: One of the basic ethical issues in the field of civil liability is the degree of compatibility of civil liability and social justice and what is the principle of social justice in the field of civil liability? In the field of civil liability, the purpose is to compensate the victim and in Iranian law, fault is the main basis of this type of liability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the degree of compliance between civil liability and social justice and whether social justice can be achieved by relying on the element of guilt? Conclusion: In line with the changes in society and the emergence of new values, the law of civil liability is also evolving because of the need to establish social justice. Justice is one of the prominent concepts in the field of philosophy of ethics that philosophers, politicians, jurists and other thinkers have explored the ways to achieve it in society throughout the era. Justice depends on the time, place and transformation of social relations, and the first step in ensuring social justice is to establish the right law so that everyone is aware of their rights and is hopeful and confident in achieving what they deserve. In the field of civil liability, one of the ways to achieve this justice is to use the concept of intentional fault. Various divisions have been created by jurists for fault. Guilt is divided into intentional and unintentional faults based on the spiritual element. Intentional guilt can be the basis of actions and rulings in action that no common sense can deny. One of the most important effects of intentional fault is the effect on the causal relationship. The causal relationship is an essential element and a vital element of civil liability. That is, there must be a connection between the damage inflicted and the fault of the mystics, so that if it were not for the fault (act and omission of the act), there would certainly be no harm. Finally, the theory of fault alone cannot be considered the sole basis of civil liability; because sometimes justice requires that someone who has not been at fault be harmed, the division of responsibility should be based on the degree of guilt.