ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺷﻮخﻃﺒﻌﯽ و ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻢ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ آن

Explanation of Sense of Humor & Demarcation of Its Ethical Boundaries

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ: ﺷﻮﺧﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ و از روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻣﺘﺪاول ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯿﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي ﻓﺮاوان، در ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺻﺤﯿﺢ، ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮاﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ اﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﯽ درﺑﺎره اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ ﺑـﻮدن ذاﺗـﯽ آن ﺑـﻪ ذﻫﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎدر ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. از اﯾﻦ رو ﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ و ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ ﺣـﺪود و ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ و رﻓﺘﺎر اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻘﻖ آن، از روش ﻣﺮور رواﯾﯽ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ و ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﺎت و ﮐﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻟﻐﺖ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ و ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ )وﯾﮋﮔﯽ رﻓﺘﺎري( و ﺷﻮخﻃﺒﻌﯽ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺘﯽ(، ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ و ﻣﺜﺒﺘـﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﮐﻪ اﻣﺎ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ در دو ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ: 1ـ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮازن در ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻘﺾ )ﺧﺮوج از ﺣـﺪّ ﺷـﻮﺧﯽ( 2ــ ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪّ )ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﻌﺪاد، دﻓﻌﺎت و ﺗﻨﺎوب(. ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎرتدﯾﮕﺮ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪ ﻏﯿﺮاﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ در ﭘﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﺷـﻮخﻃﺒﻌﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي اﺧﻠﺎﻗﯽ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ، ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ و ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎﯾﺪ دو ﻗﯿﺪ: 1ـ ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪي و ﻧﯿﺖ )ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﺧﯿﺮﺧﻮاﻫﺎﻧﻪ( 2ـ ﮐﻢﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻮدن ﻧﻘﺾ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﯾـﻦ اﺳـﺎس در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ از ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻪﮔﻮﯾﯽ، ﻟﻄﯿﻔﻪ، ﻃﻌﻨﻪ، ﺗﻬﮑّﻢ، ﺗﻤﺴﺨﺮ، اﺳﻬﺘﺰاء، دﺳﺖ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ دوﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ و... ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮﺧﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Background: Humor is an important quality, which is highly effective in human communications. Despite its advantages, if humor is not used correctly, it may have unethical outcomes, springing to the mind a vague picture of humor’s intrinsic morality. Therefore, the current study sought to explain the nature of humor and compare it with similar concepts in order to establish its limits as a behavioral quality. To this end, the paper conducted a narrative review of existing definitions and theories in the relevant papers and books as well as English and Persian dictionaries. Conclusion: The results showed that humor (a quality) and sense of humor (a combination of personal attributes) are positive ethical concepts that may produce negative outcomes in case of the following: (1) imbalance and (funny) content violation (exceeding the humor limits), (2) excessive use of humor (in terms of frequency and periodicity). As a result, humor is likely to have unethical outcomes, but sense of humor is always a positive behavioral quality. To demarcate humor morally, it is necessary to compare it with similar and related concepts; such a comparison requires the following: (1) intention and purposefulness (positive and well-meant), (2) minor violation. In line with this, this paper compared humor with several similar concepts including witticism, jokes, sarcasm, irony, mockery, derision, teasing, etc.