تنوع ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ و ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺸﻜﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻤﺸﺎد ﺧﺰري (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.)

Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Boxwood Blight Causal Agent Populations in Iran

ﺷﻤﺸﺎد ﺧﺰري از ﻣﻌﺪود درﺧﺘﺎن ﭘﻬﻦﺑﺮگ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪﺳﺒﺰ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺮز اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ در ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﻗﺮاردارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، اﺧﻴﺮاً اﻏﻠﺐ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺸﺎد در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﻼﻳﺖ و ﺧﺸﻜﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ Cylindrocladium buxicola ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻘﺎ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺷﻤﺸﺎد اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ آن ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. دراﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻫﺪف اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭙﻲِ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي C. buxicola ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻃﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ از روﻳﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺸﺎد ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﺸﻮر، ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ژﻧﻮﻣﻲ rep، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ، اﻧﺪازه و ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم، ﻃﻮل ﭘﺎﻳﻪ، ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺪازه وزﻳﻜﻮل اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ( در 52 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه، ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ رﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Calonecteria pseudonaviculata ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاﻳﻲ 21 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎ در ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻧﺪي آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎي ژﻧﻮﻣﻲ rep، ﻧﺸﺎن داد 21 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﻴﺶ از 95 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ از ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ درونﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ C. pseudonaviculta ﺑﻮده و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت اﺻﻠﻲ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻣﻮرﻓﻮ-ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ راﻫﻜﺎر اﺳﺖ.

Caspian boxwood (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.) is one of the ever green hardwoods of Caspian sea forestes which, unfortunately; is endanger of overthrow. Furthermore, several hectares of its habitats in Gilan and west of Mazandaran are exposed to Blight and excessive wilt caused by Cylindrocladium buxicola, recently. This fungus is serious peril for survival and generation of these trees. Certainly, identification of this fungus characteristic can be benefit in election and development of management strategies. So this research with the aim of information increment about this fungus and its population features in Iran was carried out. Firstly, phenotype properties of C. buxicola isolates (including morphology and disease severity),which randomly have collected from different sites of boxwood habitats, were evaluated. Then genetic variety of the isolates was evaluated by rep-PCR markers. Based on morphological assessments including shape and growth of mycelium, length, shape and the number of septates of conidia, also length and vesicle characterization of stips, 52 obtained Iranian isolates identified as Calonectria pseudonaviculta. 21 representative isolates were selected based on pathogenicity.These isolateds showed different levels of pathogenicity. The results of banding patterns of rep markers were analyzed together and the 21 representative isolates categorized into 4 groups at 95% similarity, and they were scattered in three provinces. This investigation furthermore revealed that all examined isolates, belonged to the authentic Calonectria pseudonaviculta group having main and stable morpho-physiological characteristics, so it seems that in the disease control, the use of resistant cultivars is one.