پديد آورندگان :
سليماني رحيم آبادي، معصومه دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري , حسيني نصر، محمد دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه علوم و مهندسي جنگل , جليلوند، حميد دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه علوم و مهندسي جنگل , حجتي، محمد دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - گروه علوم و مهندسي جنگل , بي پروا، پوريا دانشگاه علوم كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي ساري - دانشكده علوم پايه - گروه شيمي تجزيه
كليدواژه :
كروماتوگرافي گازي , متابوليت‌هاي ثانويه , عصاره‌گيري , جنگل‌كاري چندمنظوره , عناصر غذايي خاك
چكيده فارسي :
سابقه و ﻫﺪف: زﺑﺎن ﮔﻨﺠﺸﮏ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و داروﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﻋﺼﺎره اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪ در درﻣﺎن ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻧﺴﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺆﺛﺮه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪه در آن ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎط، ﮔﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ روﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد.
ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻫﺸﺖ روﯾﺸﮕﺎه از داﻣﻨﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ 1600-200 ﻣﺘﺮ )ﭘﺮﭼﯿﻨﮏ، ﺳﻪ ﭘﺎرﺳﻞ از ﺳﺮي ﭘﻨﺞ اﻣﺮه، اﻟﻨﺪان، ﻻﻻ، ﻗﺎرﻧﺴﺮا و اﯾﻼل( در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﺗﺠﻦ و ﺳﯿﺎﻫﺮود واﻗﻊ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. در ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ درﺧﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ )ﻗﻄﺮ و ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺧﺖ، ﺷﺎداﺑﯽ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ( ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎجﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﺬف اﺛﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ در ﻫﻮاي آزاد ﺧﺸﮏ ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺲ از آﺳﯿﺎب ﮐﺮدن و ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻋﺼﺎره ﺑﺎ اﺗﺎﻧﻮل اﺑﺴﻮﻟﻮت، ﻋﺼﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺰرﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮐﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ ﮔﺎزي آﻣﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ﯾﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ در اﻃﺮاف ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ درﺧﺘﯽ و از ﻋﻤﻖ 0-15 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮصﻇﺎﻫﺮي، pH، ﮐﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﯽ، ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﮐﻞ، ﻓﺴﻔﺮ، ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ و ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬب در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺧﺘﻼف موجود بين مناطق نمونه برداري ازنظر تركيبات شيميايي ثانويه موجود در ﺑﺮگ از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﯿﺮﺳﻮن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺧﺎﮐﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻣﮑﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻏﯿﺮاز دو ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ Vitamin E و Ferruginol ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﯾﺎ داراي ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت Neophytadiene )27/7 درﺻﺪ(، Squalene )21/7 درﺻﺪ(، n-Hexadecanoic acid )26/8 درﺻﺪ(، Octadecatrinoic acid )28/3 درﺻﺪ(، Phytol )6/35 درﺻﺪ( و Benzeneethanol )10/39 درﺻﺪ( در روﯾﺸﮕﺎه اﯾﻼل ﯾﻌﻨﯽ در ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﻣﯿﺎن وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ درﺻﺪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ، وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﻇﺎﻫﺮي و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎك راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺮگ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ روﯾﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﻣﺼﺮف ﺧﺎك و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ و در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ روﯾﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻧﺒﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪه در ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺖ زﺑﺎنﮔﻨﺠﺸﮏ در واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﯾﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﭘﺮﻣﺼﺮف ﺧﺎك ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ واﮐﻨﺶ را ﻧﺸﺎن داده و دﭼﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻣﯽﺗﻮان در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب روﯾﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺑﺎزدﻫﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﮐﺎري ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ داروﯾﯽ، ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺳﻮد ﺟﺴﺖ.
چكيده لاتين :
Background and Objectives: Comon Ash is a forest species with versatile biological and medicinal activities that extracts of its various organs are used as a model for making new compounds in the treatment of various human diseases. There is a high correlation between the geographical origin of medicinal plants and the active compounds produced in them. Therefore In this study, using this correlation, the most suitable habitat in terms of production of secondary metabolites is introduced
Materials and Methods: For this research, selected eight habitats from an altitude range of 200 to 1600 meters (Perchink, three parcels of Panj Amreh series, Alandan, Lala, Qarnsara and Ilal) in Tajan and Siahroud watersheds located in Mazandaran province. In each habitat, 3 tree that were similar to each other in terms of quality characteristics were selected (tree diameter and height, leaf freshness and health, canopy density). Leaf samples from the middle part of the branches. The canopy was harvested in four directions in order to eliminate the effect of geographical direction in sampling. The leaf samples were dried in the open air and after grinding and preparing the extract with absolute ethanol, the leaf extracts were prepared for injection by gas chromatography. In order to study the physical and chemical properties of the soil, a soil sample was taken in combination around each tree base from a depth of 0-15 cm. Then physicochemical properties of soil such as bulk density, acidity, organic crane, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and calcium were measured in the laboratory. One-way analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences between the sampling areas in terms of secondary chemical composition in the leaves. Pearson double correlation was also used to find out how environmental and soil parameters relate to these chemical compounds.
Results: The results showed that the characteristics of the sampling location had an effect on the values of the identified secondary compounds. All identified compounds (except Vitamin E and Ferruginol) had a positive correlation with altitude factor. The highest levels of Neophytadiene (27.7%), Squalene (21.7%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (26.8%), Octadecatrinoic acid (28.3%), Phytol (6.35%) and Benzeneethanol (10.39%) were observed in ilal. There was no significant relationship between soil physical properties such as moisture content, bulk density and soil texture with chemical compounds in the leaves. Also, in all studied habitats, there was a significant negative relationship between soil nutrients and identified compounds. Also, a number of identified compounds were observed in only one or more habitats and were not common in all habitats studied.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed with increasing altitude, the amount of metabolites in the leaves increased and most of the soil nutrients had a negative correlation with the identified chemical compounds. In other words, reducing soil nutrients can cause some kind of stress and increase the production of secondary metabolites in the plant.
