تحليل احكام فقهي ارتداد كودكان مراهق

Analysis of the Jurisprudential Rules of Apostasy of Children Nearing Puberty

مشهور فقيهان معتقدند انسان تا بلوغ تكليفي ندارد و بدين‌سان فتوا داده‌اند اگر كودكان نابالغ مسلمان (چه مسلمان‌زاده باشند و چه كافرزاده باشند و خود شهادتين گفته و مسلمان شده باشند) مرتد شوند، احكام ارتداد متوجه آنان نخواهد بود. شيخ طوسي و برخي فقيهان متاخر معتقدند چنان كودكي حكم مرتد خواهد داشت. بسياري از فقيهان پيشين و معاصر قائل به تفصيل شده و معتقدند حكم جزائي ارتداد يعني قتل يا استتابه متوجه ايشان نيست و به جهت حديث رفع‌القلم مرتفع است اما احكامي چون نجاست بر اين ارتداد مترتب است. پژوهۀ فرارو از مقتضاي امتناني حديث رفع القلم، ضرورت رفع نجاست نيز استفاده كرده و معتقد است نبايد پنداشت نجاست مربوط به تكليف غير است و در نتيجه خارج از نطاق رفع القلم است؛ زيرا اين حكم پيش و بيش از آنكه مربوط به ديگران باشد، محدويت‌هاي زيادي براي خود كودك ايجاد مي‌كند و رفع آن، مخالف امتنان بر غير نيز نيست.

Muslim jurists generally believe that man has no obligation to fulfill before hitting puberty. Thus, they have stated in their verdicts that the rules of apostasy do not apply to children who apostatize before attaining puberty irrespective of whether they were born to Muslim parents or converted to Islam and took the Shahadah and later apostatized. Al-Shaykh al-Tūsi and some recent scholars maintain that such a child is treated as an apostate. Many earlier and contemporary scholars are divided in their opinions in this regard saying the penal laws of apostasy i.e. murder and making the child to repent, do not apply to him because he is under no obligation as long as he has not attained puberty. However, other rules such as ritual impurity apply to him. In other words, he is considered impure as an apostate. The present research concludes that since a child is not under any religious obligation, he is therefore considered pure. Meanwhile, it stresses that impurity has nothing to do with someone being under obligation; it is beyond the framework of being under obligation. That is because this ruling creates more restriction for the child before it is related to others.