پديد آورندگان :
موسوي، سپيده دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد مشهد - گروه معماري , طبسي، محسن دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد مشهد - گروه معماري , مهديزاده سراج، فاطمه دانشگاه علم و صنعت ايران
كليدواژه :
شيوه زندگي , معماري , خانه , مشهد , دوره انتقال
چكيده لاتين :
Abstract
It was from the middle of the Safavid period that Western thought and culture penetrated the traditional Persian world. The development of relations between Iran and the Western world, the transformation of power structures, the return of graduates from Europe, the presence of European archaeologists and architects, modernist, nationalistic, and militaristic tendencies of Reza Shah and more have led to dramatic changes in lifestyle and, consequently, the architecture of houses. The study mainly seeks to identify the effects of lifestyle changes during the transition period (late Qajar period and Pahlavi I period) on the architecture of houses in Mashhad. According to the above purpose, the main question is, “How has the change in lifestyle of people affected the architecture and decorations of Mashhad houses?”
The methodological approach of the research is positivist and both historical and analytical descriptive methods have been used. Data is provided by both documentary and fieldwork. According to some criteria, from a total of more than 70 historical houses identified in Mashhad, 25 houses (more than %30 of the statistical population) have been selected as samples; 10 residential houses of the Qajar period (including Balkhāst (demolished), Tavakoli, Darougheh, Ghafouri, Amiri, Hanāsāb (demolished), Dāvoudi, Rahimian, Malek and Nazeran) and 10 houses of the Pahlavi I period (including Barati, Bani Hashemi, Behzadian, Tamadoni, Tavakoli zadeh, Rajaee, Salari, Sarvghad, Talaee, Mojtahed zadeh, Majidian, Mousavi Parishani, Talat Mousavi, Molavi, Mirza Nazer).
Research findings show that: In Qajar period, %70 and in Pahlavid era %80 of the houses were built with two floors, and the construction of the basement for habitation was not so common;
- %100 of Qajar houses have introvert patterns, while %40 of the houses in the Pahlavi I period are completely extrovert and partly extrovert;
- The semi-open space is seen in four Qajar houses and six houses of Pahlavi I;
-The entrance of all Qajar samples is indirect, whereas in four houses of Reza Shah era the entrance is connected to the yard directly and without intermediary;
- Most Qajar houses in Mashhad lacked magnificent decorations, and the insignificant amount of decorations was sharply reduced during the Pahlavi I era.
The results of the research show that the political, social and cultural changes in Mashhad – which caused significant changes in the lifestyle of the people – were also influential in the architecture of houses in a short period of time. Even the existence of a powerful element such as religion could not keep Mashhad away from the major social changes – which were taking place throughout the country. Forcing the hijab to subjugate left the element of privacy in the home ignored. The formation of new military and civil classes brought about a diminished social justice, resulting in the emergence of large, medium-sized and small-scale houses. The systematic unification of all appearances of civilization (from dress to architecture, etc.) took the citizens’ choice and put an end to the decorations which were an important part of the architecture in Iranian homes.
