مخاطرات اجتماعي سياسي و اقتصادي ناشي از پديده ريزگردها به عنوان مانعي - فراروي پايداري توسعه (مورد مطالعه: استان كرمانشاه)

Socio-political and Economic Risks Caused by the Phenomenon of Particulate Matter as an Obstacle to Sustainable Development (The province of Kermanshah)

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﯿﺶ از ﯾﮏ دﻫﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه رﯾﺰﮔﺮدﻫﺎ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. داﻣﻨﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﭼﻨﺎن ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮا و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. دوﻟﺖ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺳﻮﯾﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ دارﻧﺪ. ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎﻧﻌﯽ درﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﭙﺮدازد. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮي از روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ )ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ رﯾﺰﮔﺮدﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ 60 ﻧﻔﺮ از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه رﯾﺰﮔﺮدﻫﺎ از ﯾﮏﺳﻮ در ﺣﻮزه زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺧﻮردن ﺗﻌﺎدل زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و از ﺳﻮيدﯾﮕﺮ در ﺣﻮزه زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻫﻢ آﺛﺎر ﻣﺨﺮﺑﯽ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ-رواﻧﯽ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺪﯾﺪه رﯾﺰﮔﺮدﻫﺎ را ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ذﻫﻨﯽ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ را ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ آورده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ را ﺷﮑﻞ داده ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺳﺎزه ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻓﻘﺮ را ﺑﺎزﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. در ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ، ﻧﺎرﺿﺎﯾﺘﯽ از وﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮردن ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﻈﺎم زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ را ﺷﮑﻞ داده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺳﺒﮏ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺮدم ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮔﺬار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﯾﮏﺳﻮ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﯽ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورده و از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ را در اﺑﻌﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺸﺪت ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.

Abstract Background and Objective: For more than a decade, the southwestern provinces of Iran have encountered with the phenomenon of sand and dust storms. This phenomenon has become the most common cause of air and environmental pollution in those areas. The present research aims to examine the challenges and risks posed by this phenomenon against sustainable development. Method: This research has investigated the social, political and economic dimensions of the dust problem using a qualitative method (thematic analysis). The techniques used were semi-structured interviews and observations. In this study, 60 local people were interviewed. Findings: The findings show that dust particles not only have caused the loss of biological balance of plant species in the environment, but also they have had devastating effects on the local businesses and have caused socio-psychological and health problems and increased the cost of life for the people and the government. The phenomenon of dust can be considered as the most important factor that has reduced the objective and subjective quality of life of locals. Discussion and Conclusion: This research shows that this phenomenon has created an undesirable collection of issues in the economic, social and health fields that reproduces a polysemantic structure of poverty. In such undesirable environment, dissatisfaction with the current situation has paved the way for the collapse of the balance of the social system of the society. This kind of climate change has had a great impact on the quality of life of the people, which, on the one hand, provides a platform for distrust to the involved institutions and, on the other hand, threatens the sustainability of development in the social, economic and political dimensions.