فرادستي و قوانين برنامه هاي توسعه جمهوري اسلامي ايران در حفاظت از محيط زيست

Analysis of the Role of the Upper Documents and Laws of Development Programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Protecting of Environment

ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ از ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ اﺑﺰاري در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﯿﻌﯽ در ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ ﻋﺪم اﻧﻄﺒﺎق اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺘﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ، ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﻈﺎم و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﻋﺪم ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﮕﯽ اﯾﻦ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ در اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺑﺎﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در اﺻﻞ50 ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻧﻘﺸﻪ راه را ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ، ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰان و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪاران ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار از ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﯾﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﺑﻬﺘﺮ در آﯾﻨﺪه رﻫﻨﻤﻮن ﺳﺎزد. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﺣﮑﺎم ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ از ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در آن ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ، ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮاردي از ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﺻﻼ اﺟﺮا ﻧﺸﺪه ﯾﺎ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ در ﺻﻮرت اﺟﺮا، ﺧﯿﻠﯽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، ﻟﺬا ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي ﻻزم را ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻨﺪ. در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ دﯾﺪ ﻧﻘﺎداﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ رﻓﻊ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺸﮑﻼت اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان ﻫﻢ در ﻧﻈﺮ و ﻫﻢ در ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺤﯽ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ، وﻟﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و اﺑﺘﻨﺎء از ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﮔﺮدد ،ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ اﻋﻢ از ﺗﻘﻨﯿﻨﯽ ،اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ارﺗﻘﺎي وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻫﻤﺖ ﮔﻤﺎرﻧﺪ.

Legal protection of the right to the environment is a tool to achieve environmental protection. The right to a healthy environment is widely recognized in the constitutions of developing countries. However, the non-compliance of upstream documents such as the constitution, general policies of the system and development programs, and the lack of integration of these laws in compliance with the environment are among the challenges in this area. In the constitution, in principle 50, environmental issues are emphasized and a roadmap is drafted. In this principle, environmental protection is considered a public duty. The issue of environment has been considered by planners and politicians in various development programs. Knowing how much of a program's tasks have been accomplished can lead us to better planning in the future. In this article, it was tried to extract the provisions related to the field of environment from the development programs and to examine the actions taken in that field. The results of the research show that in the development programs in the field of environment, either some of the programs were not implemented at all or if they were implemented, they were very incomplete, so they did not have the necessary efficiency. There are challenges in the field of environment that should be looked at critically in order to reduce the problems of this sector in addition to solving the challenges. The legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran is based both in thought and in practice on the implicit acceptance of human rights to a healthy environment, but in order for this recognition and foundation to enjoy full practical benefits, various governmental institutions, including legislative, executive and judicial, must They are working to improve the current situation.