بررسي دانش و عوامل موثر بر رفتار محيط زيستي گردشگران شمال كشور (مطالعه موردي: استان‌هاي زنجان و گلستان)

Assessment of Environmental Knowledge and Factors Influencing Environmental Behavior Among Tourists in North Iran (A case study in Zanjan & Golestan provinces)

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﻫﺪف: اﻣﺮوزه ﻫﺪف ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ در ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ آﮔﺎﻫﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان داﻧﺶ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدشﮔﺮان اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ آنﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺮدم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺸﻮر اﯾﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮔﺮدشﮔﺮان ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﺎن و ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﯾﮏﻫﺰار ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ و ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ از ﻣﯿﺎن ﮔﺮدشﮔﺮان در ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻮرﯾﺴﺖﭘﺬﯾﺮ واﻗﻊ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ، ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ و ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ، دادهﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي و در ﺟﺪاول ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﺑﻌﺪي ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪوﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ روشﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻫﻢﭼﻮن ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ)ANOVA(، داﻧﮑﻦ)Duncan( و ﻣﺎنوﯾﺘﻨﯽ)Mann _Whitney( رواﺑﻂ و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻓﯽﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان آﮔﺎﻫﯽﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دادهﻫﺎي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي اس ﭘﯽ اس اس )SPSS( و اﮐﺴﻞ )Excel( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از وﺟﻮد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﯿﺰان آﮔﺎﻫﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﻓﺮاد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮاد، ﻃﻮل دوران ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ و ﺳﻦ اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن ﺟﻨﺲ، وﺿﯿﻌﺖ-ﺗﺎﻫﻞ و ﺳﻄﺢ درآﻣﺪ و ﻧﻮع اﺷﺘﻐﺎل راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﯿﺰان داﻧﺶ ﻓﺮدي ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﻣﺴﺎﯾﻞ و ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺸﻮر، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﺻﺤﯿﺢ و ﺗﻼش ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ، ﺣﻔﻆ و ارﺗﻘﺎ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﮐﺸﻮر را ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖﻫﺎي اﻓﺮاد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ.

Background and Objectives: Environmental education can be defined as raising environmental consciousness among every segment of the society, bringing for awareness to environment-friendly, permanent and positive behavioral changes. The final purpose of environmental conservation is thus related to improving environmental awareness and betterment of environmental culture in all segments of the society. In this article, the rate of environmental knowledge among tourists visiting northern parts of Iran is assessed and factors influencing environmental behavior and people opinion about sustainable development is evaluated. Methods: The statistical background of this research includes one thousand families residing in different parts of the country. Questionnaires were distributed accidentally among tourists from all over the country visiting some points of interest in West (Zanjan province) and Northeast (Golestan province) of the country using interview method. The obtained data were classified and summarized in multidimensional frequency tables using statistical descriptive analysis such as ANOVA, Duncan, Mann Whitney and the relationship/differences among environmental variables being effective on the rate of personal concern and environmental awareness were determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software. Findings: Identifying and evaluating effective factors influencing the rate of personal knowledge and concern about environmental problems at country level will ensure the accurate planning, comprehensive efforts, conservation and promotion of environment with people’s considerable cooperation and participation. Discussion and Conclusion: The obtained results show that a set of different factors are influencing environmental concern and awareness among tourists living in the society such as; the level of literacy, the duration of education and age of the respondents. Significant relationships were also obtained among gender, marital status, level of income and occupation.