بررسي ميزان غلظت ذرات معلق در ايستگاه هاي زيرزميني متروي شهر تهران و مقايسه آن با غلظت هاي محيطي

Investigation on the Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matters in Tehran Underground Subway Stations and Compare it with Ambient Concentrations

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺘﺮو 20 درﺻﺪ از ﺳﻬﻢ ﮐﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارﻧﺪ. ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد دراﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮو ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮان و ﮐﺎرﮐﻨﺎن ﻣﺘﺮو ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻏﻠﻈﺖ 10 و PM در ﭼﻬﺎر اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﺘﺮو )آزادي، اﻧﻘﻼب، ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ و وﻟﯽ ﻋﺼﺮ( و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻄﺖ اﯾﻦ ذرات در ﻫﻮاي آزاد، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺼﻠﯽ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ )ﻓﺮوردﯾﻦ 1395 اﻟﯽ ﻓﺮوردﯾﻦ 1396( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﯾﮏ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ در ﻣﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ، در ﺳﺎﻋﺎت 8 ﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﯽ 12 ﻇﻬﺮ و در ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه )ورودي، ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ و ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ( و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺧﺎرج آن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﺘـﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﯽ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮو ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺗﺮدد ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮان، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺴﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﻗﻄﺎر، ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ داﺧﻞ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه، ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري، ﺗﺮﻣﺰ، ﺳﺎﯾﺶ ﭼﺮخ و رﯾﻞ و ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ PM10 و PM2.5 در ﭼﻬﺎر اﯾﺴـﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺮوي ﻣﺬﮐﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 68 و 47 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﮔــﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌــﺐ و در ﻫﻮاي آزاد اﻃﺮاف اﯾﻦ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 42 و 29 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐـﻪ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ داﺧﻞ ﭼﻬﺎر اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﺘﺮوي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ، ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ PM10 و PM2.5 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ، 1/5 – 1/7 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻏﻠﻈﺖ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻫﻮاي آزاد ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

Background and Objectives: Metro lines are responsible for 20% of the total passenger traffic in Tehran. Particulate matter is one of the most important major pollutants in subway stations and increasing their concentration leads to numerous health consequences for passengers and subway employees. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in four underground metro stations (Azadi, Enghelab, Tohid and Vali Asr) and compare them with the concentration of these particles in the open air. Research Method: Seasonal sampling (April 2016 - April 2017) of particulate matters was conducted in the middle months of all four seasons for one week in the middle months of each season at peak traffic times from 8 am to 12 am, at three locations (entrance, middle, and exit in each station) and also at outside ambient of each station. The results were then compared with the relevant standards. Results and Discussions: The main sources of suspended particulate matter in the underground subway stations were due to passenger traffic, train piston pressure, floor cleaning, maintenance operations, wheel-rail wear and braking and the performance of ventilation system in the subway station. The results of the monitoring measurements in this study showed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the four underground subway stations were 68 µg/m3 and 47 µg/m3 and in the outdoor ambient around these stations were 42 and 29 µg/m3, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in the four underground subway stations, the annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than those in the outdoor ambient, respectively.