اثر شوري و كلسيم تكميلي بر رشد، غلظت برخي عناصر غذايي و كيفيت ميوه گوجه فرنگي تحت شرايط آبكشت

Influence of Salinity and Supplementary Calcium on Growth, Concentration of Some Nutrients and Quality of Tomato Fruit under Hydroponic Conditions

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف:ﺗﻨﺶ ﺷﻮري از ﻣﺸﮑﻼت اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺑﻮده و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ دارد. ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺷﻮري ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ در ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ و ﮐﻠﺮ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﯾﻮنﻫﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺷﻮري و ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﯿﻮه ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آﺑﮑﺸﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺳﺎل 89-90 در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﮐﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﯿﺮاز اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻮري )10 ،0 و 20 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﻻر( از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ و ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ )5 ،0 و 10 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﻻر( از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻧﯿﺘﺮات ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻮد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺷﻮر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ، از اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺷﻮري و زﯾﺎدي ﺳﺪﯾﻢ و ﮐﻠﺮ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﺎﻫﺪ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻣﯿﻮه ﻧﮕﺮدﯾﺪ، وﻟﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ در ﺟﺬب ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮنﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ وزن ﺧﺸﮏ رﯾﺸﻪ و ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ وﻟﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در رﯾﺸﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ وزن ﻣﻌﻨﯽدار ﺑﻮد )25/72 درﺻﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ(. اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷﻮري ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ در ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻧﺒﻮد اﻣﺎ در رﯾﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺷﻮري و ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ، ﺟﺬب ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ. ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺬب ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ در رﯾﺸﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮري 20 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﻻر و ﺑﺪون ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﮐﻠﺮﯾﺪ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ )ﺷﻮري( ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ رﯾﺸﻪ و ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ در آﻧﻬﺎ را ﮐﺎﻫﺶ داد. ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬب ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ در ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺷﻮري 20 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﻻر و ﺑﺪون ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻮد و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺟﺬب ﻣﻨﯿﺰﯾﻢ در ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺑﺪون ﺷﻮري ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﺴﯿﻢ 10 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﻻر ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻮري ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ، روي و ﻣﺲ در ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ روي در رﯾﺸﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ.

Abstract Background and Objective: Soil salinity is one of the important stresses in agricultural production and plays an important role in reducing the growth of crops such as tomatoes. The proper concentration of calcium in salinity conditions is an important factor in controlling sodium and chlorine toxicity and increasing the yield of sensitive plants especially tomatoes. This research was carried out to study the effect of salinity and supplemental calcium on growth, concentration of some nutrients and fruit quality of tomato under hydroponic conditions. Method: For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted on the based on a completely randomized design with three replications in year 89-90 in the greenhouse of the Soil Science Department of Shiraz University. The treatments consisted of three levels of salinity (0, 10 and 20 mM) from sodium chloride and three levels of calcium (0, 5 and 10 mM) from calcium nitrate source. Findings: The results showed that the application of supplemental calcium in saline conditions to the nutrient solution reduced the negative effects of salinity and high sodium and chloride on tomato growth, although this supplemental calcium did not improve the growth and yield of the fruit, but could be considered as a competitive factor in the absorption of other cations by the plant. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the sodium chloride had a negative effect on root and shoot dry weight, but this weight loss was significant only for the root (25.77% decrease compared to the control sample). Increasing salinity reduced the amount of nitrogen in the shoots. Changes in potassium were not significant in shoots, but in the root with increasing salinity and calcium, potassium absorption decreased. The lowest potassium uptake in the root was obtained from treatment with salinity of 20 mM and no supplemental calcium. Sodium chloride (salinity) treatment increased root and shoot sodium concentrations, and supplementation of calcium reduced the sodium concentration in them. The highest amount of magnesium absorption in shoots was in salinity treatment (20 mM) and without calcium, and the lowest magnesium adsorption was in non-saline treatments with 10 mM calcium. Salinity increased the concentration of manganese, zinc and copper in shoots and increased zinc in the root.