ارزيابي ميزان آلاينده هاي گازي و ذرات معلق هوا در پايانه هاي درون شهري شركت واحد اتوبوسراني تهران

Evaluation of the amount of gaseous pollutants and airborne particles in the internal terminals of Tehran Bus Company

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف : ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺗﻮﺑﻮس ﻧﻘﺶ ﮐﻠﯿﺪي در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﻼن ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ دارد. ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻫﻮا و آﻻﯾﻨـﺪه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ، زﯾﺮا روزاﻧﻪ اﻓﺮاد زﯾﺎدي در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ و ﺗﺮدد ﮐﺮده و ﻫﻮاي آن را ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ ﻣـﯽ ﮐﻨﻨـ ﺪ، ﻟـﺬا ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه در ﻫﻮاي اﯾﻦ اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﮔﺎﻣﯽ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﻫﻮاي آن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﺪف آن ﺳﻨﺠﺶ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ PM1، PM2.5 ، PM10 و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي NO2 ، HC ، CO، SO2 در ﻫﻮاي آزاد ﺷﺶ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﭘﺮ ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ ﮐﻼن ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ : از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻞ Met Oneﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ و دﺳﺘﮕﺎه Aeroqual ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ در ﻣﺪت ﯾﮏ ﺳـ ﺎل از ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ 94 ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 95 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار EXEL ، SPSS ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ذرات ﻣﻌﻠﻖ PM1 ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 1/20 ﻣﯿﮑﺮو ﮔﺮم ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌـ ﺐ، 5PM2/ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 6/72 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ ، PM10 ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ 100/23 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ، ﻣﯿﺰان ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮔﺎز CO ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻨﻐﻠﻈﺖ 6/95 ، NO2 ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ SO2 ، 0/05 ppm ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ HC ، 0/05 ppm ، ﺑـﺎ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ppm 2/56 در ﻓﺼـﻞ زﻣﺴـﺘﺎن و ﺟـﻮد دارد. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي : از دﻻﯾﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺑﻮدن دﻣﺎ، ﻋﺪم وزش ﺑﺎد، واروﻧﮕﯽ ﻫﻮا، ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗـﺮ ار ﮔﯿـﺮي ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ ، ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه اﻃﺮاف و ﻧﻮع ﺳﻮﺧﺖ و ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در اﺗﻮﺑﻮس ﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد. ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﻣـﯽ ﺗـﻮان در ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ راه ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ در اﯾﻦ اﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.

Background and Objective: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with the aim of Measure and determine the concentration of suspended particles: PM10 PM1; PM2.5; an‎d NO2 gases; SO2; CO; HC in open air six important passenger terminals and traffic jams in the metropolis of Tehran. Method: Using portable device MET ONE to measure suspended particles and the portable device Aeroqual to measure gases in the course of one year, from autumn 94 to summer 95. Samples were analyzed using software SPSS; EXEL. Findings: The results of this study showed that the highest concentration of suspended particles was PM1 with an average of 1.20 micrograms per cubic meter; PM2.5 with average of 6.72 micrograms per cubic meter; PM10 with an average of 100.23 micrograms per cubic meter; CO concentration with a mean concentration of 6.95 ppm, NO2 with a mean concentration of 0.05 ppm, SO2 with an average of 0.05 ppm HC, with an average of 2.56 ppm in winter. Discussion and Conclusion: The reasons for the increase in pollutants include: low temperature, no wind blowing, air reversal, terminal location, surrounding pollutants and type of fuel and technology used on buses. Using the results of this research, we can devise appropriate methods for controlling and reducing air pollutants with the aim of improving the system in these sites.