سير تحول در طراحي و ساخت صندوق قبرهاي چوبي قرن 9 هجري قمري مرعشيان مازندران

The evolution of design and construction Wooden Grave Box 9th century AH Marashian of Mazandaran

حكومت محلي مرعشيان (مرعشيه) كه شيعه‌مذهب بودند از سال 760 الي 906 هجري قمري در خطه تبرستان (مازندران كنوني) حكمراني كردند. در اين دوره ساخت بقاع آرامگاهي سادات، امامزادگان و بزرگان مرعشي رونق مي ­گيرد كه اغلب آن‌ها داراي مصنوعات چوبي نظير صندوق قبر چوبي به­ جاي ضريح ­هاي فلزي امروزي بوده ­اند. در حال حاضر تعداد كثيري از اين آثار به دلايل مختلفي از بين رفته و يا مورد سرقت قرارگرفته است، كه ضرورت پرداختن به آن‌ها را دوچندان مي­ نماياند. اين صندوق ­ها اغلب داراي تزئينات به همراه كتيبه هستند. به نظر نحوه تزيين و نقوش به كار گرفته‌شده بر روي آن‌ها به‌تناوب متفاوت از يكديگر هستند. بر اين مبنا پرسش اصلي تحقيق بدين گونه قابل‌طرح است كه، چه سير تحولي درزمينه تزئينات، ساخت و كتيبه­ نگاري بر روي صندوق قبور چوبي قرن 9 هجري قمري در مازندران مشاهده مي­ شود؟ در اين راستا هدف اصلي، بررسي روند تغيير و تحولات در ساخت صندوق قبور چوبي قرن 9 هجري قمري مازندران با تكيه‌بر مؤلفه‌هايي نظير: تكنيك ­هاي تزيين، نوع قاب‌بندي، تركيب­ بندي­ ها، نقوش و كتيبه ­ها است. بر مبناي دسترسي و تاريخ­دار بودن صندوق قبر، تعداد 15 نمونه از شهرهاي مختلف استان به­ عنوان جامعه آماري تحقيق، مدنظر است. نتيجتاً، به نظر مي­ رسد رواج مذهب تشيع توسط مرعشيان و پاسداشت آن‌ها از چهره­ هاي مذهبي و سياسي در قالب ساخت برج مقبره را مي­ توان از اصلي ­ترين دلايل تعدد صندوق قبرهاي چوبي باشد. مجموعاً در تمامي موارد بررسي‌شده از قبيل: ابعاد و فرم كلي، قاب­ بندي­ها، تركيب و نوع ترسيم نقوش گياهي و هندسي، ساختار كتيبه­ ها همچنين مواردي تكنيكالي همچون روسازي، بافت زمينه و نقاشي روي چوب، شاهد يك سير رو به رشد و صعودي هستيم به‌نوعي كه در نمونه­ هاي متأخر آثار در تمامي موارد نجاران به بلوغ و كمال قابل‌توجهي در ساخت و تزئين صندوق قبور چوبي دست يافتند.

The Marashian government (Marashieh) had a Shia religion, they ruled from 760 to 906 AH in the Tabaristan region (now it is Mazandaran). During this period, the construction of mausoleums, shrines and elders of the Marashi government flourished. Unlike modern metal tombs most of them have wooden artifacts same as are in cenotaph mausoleum. These cenotaph mausoleums often have decorations with inscriptions. Fortunately, a number of them have been preserved due to the beliefs of Mazandaran region inhabitants, in accordance with the Shia religion. There is a need to say, that the Shiite religious rules of visiting tombs have caused the wooden artifacts preservation inside these buildings. Of course, another reason for the multiplicity of wooden cenotaph mausoleum is the abundance of wood as a raw material. Cenotaph mausoleums are often decorated with techniques such as gherh chini, wood carving with geometric and plant motifs, as well as inscriptions on them, the name of the builder, the date of construction and the financial patron. It seems that the use of these decorations on the Cenotaph mausoleum has been different, so that there are no similar technical and decorative examples. It seems that artists have imitated or imitated each other over the years by seeing each other's work, and in some of them, by adding individual creativity, has led to the emergence of new forms and decorative elements. Currently, many of these works have been destroyed or stolen for various reasons, which further highlights the need to address them. Based on this, the main question of the research can be posed in such a way that the 9th century AH wooden Cenotaph mausoleum in Mazandaran have undergone a transformation in the field of decorations and inscriptions. In this regard, the main goal is to study the process of change and developments in the construction of the 9th century AH wooden tomb in Mazandaran by relying on components such as: decorating techniques, framing type, composition, motifs and inscriptions. Based on the accessibility and historicity of the grave fund, 15 samples from different cities of the province are considered as the statistical population of the research. After explaining how the Marashian government emerged and describing the mausoleum construction motifs, and consequently the fund of wooden cenotaph mausoleum, each of the specimens is examined and all their characteristics are mentioned at the end of the table. As a result, it seems that the spread of the Shiite religion by the Marashians and the protection of religious and political figures in the form of the construction of the mausoleum tower can be one of the main reasons for the multiplicity of wooden cenotaph mausoleums. Collectively, in all cases studied, such as: general dimensions and form, framing, composition and type of drawing of plant and geometric patterns, structure of inscriptions, as well as technical items such as the shape of the engraving procedure, background texture and painting on wood we suppose that in the later examples of the works, in all cases, the carpenters achieved considerable maturity and perfection in the construction and decoration of the wooden Cenotaph mausoleum.